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Muscular and Performance Fitness and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Prospective Study of Japanese Men

Susumu S. Sawada, I-Min Lee, Hisashi Naito, Koji Tsukamoto, Takashi Muto, and Steven N. Blair

Background:

Limited data are available on the relationship between muscular and performance fitness (MPF) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

A cohort of 3792 Japanese men completed a medical examination that included MPF and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. MPF index composite score was calculated using Z-scores from vertical jump, sit-ups, side step, and functional reach tests.

Results:

The mean follow-up period was 187 months (15.6 years). There were 240 patients who developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incidence of diabetes across baseline quartiles of MPF index composite score were obtained using the Cox proportional hazards model while adjusting for age, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and family history of diabetes. The relative risks for developing diabetes across quartiles of MPF index composite scores (lowest to highest) were 1.0 (referent), 1.15 (95% CI 0.83−1.60), 1.10 (0.78−1.55), and 0.57 (0.37−0.90) (P for trend = .061). These results were attenuated after adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness (P for trend = .125).

Conclusions:

This prospective study suggests that MPF is a predictor of type 2 diabetes, although its predictive ability was attenuated after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 7 (2010): Issue 5 (Sep 2010)

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Intima-Media Thickness in 11- to 13-Year-Old Children: Variation Attributed to Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Waist Circumference

Xavier Melo, Helena Santa-Clara, Nuno M. Pimenta, Sandra Silva Martins, Cláudia S. Minderico, Bo Fernhall, and Luís B. Sardinha

Background:

It is unclear how sedentary behavior (SED), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) influence vascular structure in children of varying body size. This study examined whether associations between SED, PA, and CRF with intima-media thickness (IMT) added to that of abdominal fatness and IMT. Differences in physiological measures among waist circumference (WC) percentiles were tested.

Methods:

We assessed IMT of the carotid artery in 265 children aged 11 to 13 years (135 girls). Measures included IMT assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography, WC, body fat mass (BFM) from DXA, and CRF determined using a maximal cycle test. SED and PA were assessed by accelerometry. Association between IMT and CRF adjusted for PA variables, and body composition phenotypes were tested with multiple linear regression analysis.

Results:

CRF was related to IMT independently of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and SED (P < .05). When WC was added to the model CRF was no longer associated with IMT (P > .05). Children in the higher WC group had increased mean values of BMI, BFM, WC, and IMT and lower MVPA and CRF (P < .05).

Conclusion:

Full modeling of SED, MVPA, CRF, and WC revealed that regional adiposity appears to have the biggest role in arterial structure of children.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 12 (2015): Issue 5 (May 2015)

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Self-Reported and Objective Physical Activity in Postgastric Bypass Surgery, Obese and Lean Adults: Association With Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Farah A. Ramirez-Marrero, John Miles, Michael J. Joyner, and Timothy B. Curry

Background:

This study aimed to 1) describe physical activity (PA) in 15 post gastric bypass surgery (GB), 16 obese (Ob), and 14 lean (L) participants (mean ± se: age = 37.1 ± 1.6, 30.8 ± 1.9, 32.7 ± 2.3 yrs.; BMI = 29.7 ± 1.2, 38.2 ± 0.8, 22.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2, respectively); and 2) test associations between PA, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max).

Methods:

Participants completed a PA questionnaire after wearing accelerometers from 5–7 days. Body composition was determined with DEXA and CT scans, and VO2max with open circuit spirometry. ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups, and linear regressions to evaluate associations between PA (self-reported, accelerometer), body composition, and VO2max.

Results:

Self-reported moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in GB, Ob, and L participants was 497.7 ± 215.9, 988.6 ± 230.8, and 770.7 ± 249.3 min/week, respectively (P = .51); accelerometer MVPA was 185.9 ± 41.7, 132.3 ± 51.1, and 322.2 ± 51.1 min/week, respectively (P = .03); and steps/day were 6647 ± 141, 6603 ± 377, and 9591 ± 377, respectively (P = .03). Ob showed a marginally higher difference between self-report and accelerometer MVPA (P = .06). Accelerometer-MVPA and steps/day were inversely associated with percent fat (r = –0.53, –0.46), and abdominal fat (r = –0.36, –0.40), and directly associated with VO2max (r = .36).

Conclusions:

PA was similar between GB and Ob participants, and both were less active than L. Higher MVPA was associated with higher VO2max and lower body fat.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 11 (2014): Issue 1 (Jan 2014)

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Using Submaximal Exercise Heart Rate for Monitoring Cardiorespiratory Fitness Changes in Professional Soccer Players: A Replication Study

Stefan Altmann, Rainer Neumann, Sascha Härtel, Alexander Woll, and Martin Buchheit

Multistage incremental tests with heart rate (HR) and blood lactate sampling are considered a gold standard method for monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness in elite athletes such as professional soccer players. 1 , 2 However, this method has several limitations, including time-labor (ie, 20–30 min

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 16 (2021): Issue 8 (Aug 2021)

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Reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test in Semiprofessional Soccer Players

Christopher Thomas, Thomas Dos’Santos, Paul A. Jones, and Paul Comfort

Purpose:

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) in semiprofessional soccer players.

Methods:

Fourteen male semiprofessional soccer players performed the 30-15IFT on 2 occasions separated by 7 d. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) to determine any significant difference between testing sessions.

Results:

Maximal intermittent running velocity (VIFT) demonstrated good reliability (ICC = .80) for between-sessions reliability. The CV was 2.5% for between-sessions reliability of the 30-15IFT. As the SWC (0.70 km/h) falls within the range in which the individual’s true score is likely to lie (1.0 km/h), the usefulness of the VIFT was rated as marginal. Despite the usefulness of the 30-15IFT being deemed marginal, a change in performance as small as 1.0 km/h (2 stages) in VIFT could be considered substantial or real.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that VIFT in the 30-15IFT is reliable, resulting in a reliable assessment of team-sport-specific cardiorespiratory fitness, with changes as small as 1.0 km/h (2 stages) in VIFT considered meaningful.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 11 (2016): Issue 2 (Mar 2016)

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Combining Activity-Related Behaviors and Attributes Improves Prediction of Health Status in NHANES

Sarah Kozey Keadle, Shirley Bluethmann, Charles E. Matthews, Barry I. Graubard, and Frank M. Perna

Background:

This paper tested whether a physical activity index (PAI) that integrates PA-related behaviors (ie, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] and TV viewing) and performance measures (ie, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength) improves prediction of health status.

Methods:

Participants were a nationally representative sample of US adults from 2011 to 2012 NHANES. Dependent variables (self-reported health status, multimorbidity, functional limitations, and metabolic syndrome) were dichotomized. Wald-F tests tested whether the model with all PAI components had statistically significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values than the models with behavior or performance scores alone, adjusting for covariates and complex survey design.

Results:

The AUC (95% CI) for PAI in relation to health status was 0.72 (0.68, 0.76), and PAI-AUC for multimorbidity was 0.72 (0.69, 0.75), which were significantly higher than the behavior or performance scores alone. For functional limitations, the PAI AUC was 0.71 (0.67, 0.74), significantly higher than performance, but not behavior scores, while the PAI AUC for metabolic syndrome was 0.69 (0.66, 0.73), higher than behavior but not performance scores.

Conclusions:

These results provide empirical support that an integrated PAI may improve prediction of health and disease. Future research should examine the clinical utility of a PAI and verify these findings in prospective studies.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 14 (2017): Issue 8 (Aug 2017)

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Erratum. Comparison of High-Intensity Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat Percentage in Persons With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

TO OUR READERS: An error appeared in the following article: Rugbeer N, Constantinou D, Torres G. Comparison of high-intensity training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat percentage in persons with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 21 (2024): Issue 5 (May 2024)

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The CHANGE! Project: Changes in Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in 10- to 11-Year-Old Children After Completing the CHANGE! Intervention

Rebecca M. Dagger, Ian G. Davies, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Genevieve L. Stone, Keith P. George, Stuart J. Fairclough, and Lynne M. Boddy

Childhood obesity, poor nutritional intake, low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and insufficient physical activity (PA) increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic (CM) disease ( 2 , 3 , 16 ). Over the last decade, childhood obesity has increased in United Kingdom ( 8 , 39 ). Concurrently, CRF

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science

In Pediatric Exercise Science Volume 30 (2018): Issue 1 (Feb 2018)

Open access

A Self-Paced Walk Test for Individual Calibration of Heart Rate to Energy Expenditure

Kate Westgate, Tomas I. Gonzales, Stefanie Hollidge, Tim Lindsay, Nick Wareham, and Søren Brage

standardized treadmill test and nonexercise calibration. We also compare estimates of cardiorespiratory fitness from the two exercise calibration methods. Our study offers insights into the potential of a self-paced walk test as a practical and inclusive alternative to established individual calibration

Cover Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour

In Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour Volume 7 (2024): Issue 1 (Jan 2024)

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The Effects of COVID-19 School Closures on Physical Fitness in Adolescents

Alex M. Wolfe, Maria A. Pessman, Kelly R. Laurson, Dale D. Brown, and Ryan A. Brown

endorsed the FITNESSGRAM test battery to be valid and reliable in assessing the five components of health-related physical fitness within youth populations ( Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research, 2010 ; Morrow et al., 2010 ). These components included cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength

Cover Journal of Teaching in Physical Education

In Journal of Teaching in Physical Education Volume 42 (2023): Issue 4 (Oct 2023)