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The Past and Future of Clock-Like Timing in Motor Performance

Howard N. Zelaznik

concerned with the nature of the speed accuracy trade-off in manual control ( Fitts, 1954 ; Meyer et al., 1982 ; Schmidt et al., 1979 ). In two experiments participants were required to perform several Fittslaw tasks as well as linear speed accuracy trade-off tasks. The Fitts tasks required individuals

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Motor Control and Learning in the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA): The First 40 Years

Robert W. Christina

By 1967, motor control and learning researchers had adopted an information processing (IP) approach. Central to that research was understanding how movement information was processed, coded, stored, and represented in memory. It also was centered on understanding motor control and learning in terms of Fitts’ law, closed-loop and schema theories, motor programs, contextual interference, modeling, mental practice, attentional focus, and how practice and augmented feedback could be organized to optimize learning. Our constraints-based research from the 1980s into the 2000s searched for principles of “self-organization”, and answers to the degrees-of-freedom problem, that is, how the human motor system with so many independent parts could be controlled without the need for an executive decision maker as proposed by the IP approach. By 2007 we were thinking about where the IP and constraints-based views were divergent and complementary, and whether neural-based models could bring together the behavior and biological mechanisms underlying the processes of motor control and learning.

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Human Movement: In Search of Borderlands Between Philosophy and Physics

Scott Kretchmar and Mark L. Latash

performed by psychologists, one of the established laws is the Fittslaw ( Fitts, 1954 ), which links movement time (MT) to an index of task difficulty (ID) computed as the ratio of movement distance to target size: MT =  a  +  b ·log(ID), where a and b are constants. Fittslaw has been confirmed