mentally “blocked” ( Day et al., 2006 ; Maaranen et al., 2017 ). Some athletes are able to perform the skills temporarily (up to a few times) when something about the environment is modified to reduce the potential negative consequences of balking, such as when using a spotter ( Maaranen et al., 2017
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Mental Blocks in Artistic Gymnastics and Cheerleading: Longitudinal Analysis of Flikikammo
Annamari Maaranen, Judy L. Van Raalte, and Britton W. Brewer
Flikikammo: When Gymnasts Lose Previously Automatic Backward Moving Skills
Annamari Maaranen, Erica G. Beachy, Judy L. Van Raalte, Britton W. Brewer, Thaddeus J. France, and Albert J. Petitpas
Mental blocks, phenomena in which athletes lose the ability to perform previously automatic skills, are well known but poorly understood. Study 1 was designed to assess mental blocks in gymnastics and determine if such blocks are distinct from related conditions, such as slumps, choking, and fear of injury. Mental blocks were reported to have unique characteristics and to affect backward moving skills. Study 2 was a qualitative analysis of the experiences of 5 gymnasts currently experiencing mental blocks on backward moving skills. Such block is called flikikammo and was described as cycling on and off, spreading to other events and skills, affecting visualization, and worsening when performance of the affected skills was forced by coaches. The findings are the first to detail the experience of gymnasts currently experiencing the condition. Additional research may help identify ways to alleviate and/or prevent flikikammo.
Coping Under Pressure: Employing Emotion Regulation Strategies to Enhance Performance Under Pressure
Yannick A. Balk, Marieke A. Adriaanse, Denise T.D. de Ridder, and Catharine Evers
Performing under high pressure is an emotional experience. Hence, the use of emotion regulation strategies may prove to be highly effective in preventing choking under pressure. Using a golf putting task, we investigated the role of arousal on declined sport performance under pressure (pilot study) and the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in alleviating choking under pressure (main study). The pilot study showed that pressure resulted in decreased performance and this effect was partially mediated by increased arousal. The main study, a field study, showed that whereas the choking effect was observed in the control condition, reappraisal and, particularly, distraction were effective emotion regulation strategies in helping people to cope instead of choke under pressure. These findings suggest that interventions that aim to prevent choking under pressure could benefit from including emotion regulation strategies.
An Integrated Mind–Body Training Intervention on an Elite Surfing Athlete: A Case Study
Eduardo Takeuchi, Shirley S. Lacerda, Guilherme Carlos Brech, and Elisa H. Kozasa
the state of presence. In other words, MED training has a direct effect on the behavioral aspects, the body, and the performance improvement ( Balk et al., 2013 ; Chen & Meggs, 2020 ; Kaufmann et al., 2009 ; Ortner et al., 2007 ). In the COAs, Takeuchi chose not to use specific assessments of
The Role of Preperformance and In-Game Emotions in Cognitive Interference During Sport Performance: The Moderating Role of Self-Confidence and Reappraisal
Nicholas Stanger, Ryan Chettle, Jessica Whittle, and Jamie Poolton
feel excited to perform against our rivals.” Accordingly, research has indicated that reappraisal can be an effective way for players to cope (e.g., Balk, Adriaanse, De Ridder, & Evers, 2013 ) and perform better (e.g., Brooks, 2014 ) under pressure. Reappraisal may also influence relationships
North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity
Pre- Versus Postmeal Sedentary Duration—Impact on Postprandial Glucose in Older Adults With Overweight or Obesity
Elizabeth Chun, Irina Gaynanova, Edward L. Melanson, and Kate Lyden
hand, nonsedentary behavior and physical activity have been found to reduce the risk of diabetes ( Balk et al., 2015 ; Herbst et al., 2015 ; Hu, 2003a , 2003b , 20030509 DCOM-20030702). While these studies demonstrate the benefits of less sedentary and more physically active lifestyles on glucose
Promoting Athlete Mental Health: The Role of Emotion Regulation
Georgia A. Bird, Mary L. Quinton, and Jennifer Cumming
to control intrusive thoughts and anxiety ( Balk et al., 2013 ; Martinent et al., 2015 ), whereas uses of expressive suppression were found to inhibit performance ( Wagstaff, 2014 ). Sport is a demanding and stressful environment in which athletes experience many emotions during training and
The Kraken Awakens: Exploring the Digital Launch of a New Sport Team Brand During a Global Pandemic
Cole G. Armstrong, Melissa Davies, Matthew Blaszka, and Ann Pegoraro
interest. Also, as Seattle Times author Gene Balk ( 2017 ) noted, Alaskans relocate to Seattle and surrounding King County at a higher rate than another state. Across the rest of the United States, interest in the Kraken release was evident among individuals in other NHL markets but did not appear
Examining Perceptions of Teammates’ Burnout and Training Hours in Athlete Burnout
Ralph Appleby, Paul Davis, Louise Davis, and Henrik Gustafsson
To be successful in competitive sport, athletes are required to invest hours of intense training and perform effectively under pressure ( Balk, Adriaanse, De Ridder, & Evers, 2013 ; Isoard-Gautheur, Guillet-Descas, & Gustafsson, 2016 ). Furthermore, athletes are required to manage stressors
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