Baseball pitching is a dynamic movement that results in some of the highest kinematic and kinetic values in sport. Pitchers generate glenohumeral internal rotation angular velocities of over 7000° per second and internal rotational torques of 94 to 96 Nm. 1 At ball release, the shoulder moves from
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Infraspinatus Cross-Sectional Area and Shoulder Range of Motion Change Following Live-Game Baseball Pitching
Brett S. Pexa, Eric D. Ryan, Elizabeth E. Hibberd, Elizabeth Teel, Terri Jo Rucinski, and Joseph B. Myers
Warming Up With a Dynamic Moment of Inertia Bat Can Increase Bat Swing Speed in Competitive Baseball Players
Tristan Castonguay, Mary Roberts, and Geoff Dover
Baseball is a popular sport, and most athletes are using a warm-up method that may not be beneficial to their bat swing speed. According to Statista and the World Baseball Softball Confederation, there are 15 million baseball players in the United States and an estimation of 65 million worldwide
Relationship Between Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Lower-Limb Flexibility in College Baseball Players
Tomonobu Ishigaki, Motoki Hirokawa, Yuya Ezawa, and Masanori Yamanaka
Posterior shoulder tightness (PST), based on restricted glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction, is a widely recognized risk factor for arm injuries in baseball players. 1 Previous studies revealed that decreases in glenohumeral internal rotation in baseball players were found as
The Effects of Concussions on Batting Performance in Major League Baseball Players: A Critically Appraised Topic
Lindsey R. Turbyfill, Logan J. Hatley, and Alan R. Needle
Clinical Scenario Compared with collision sports and those with a large number of subconcussive blows (eg, soccer), baseball generally receives less media and research attention regarding the long-term impacts of sport-related concussion. Concussions account for 1% to 2.1% of all time-loss injuries
Return to Sport and Clinical Outcomes Following Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation in Baseball Players and Gymnasts With Unstable Osteochondritis Dissecans: A Critically Appraised Topic
Natalie L. Myers, Sean M. Kennedy, Luke D. Thorburn, John E. Conway, and J. Craig Garrison
common in elbow OCDs. 3 The trauma can be associated with both articular cartilage and subchondral bone deformation. 1 OCD presents itself in competitive baseball players and gymnasts between the ages of 11 and 15 years of age. 1 It is seen in these groups of athletes due to the repetitive loading
High Thoracic Kyphosis and Backward Trunk Inclination Angles in the Single-Leg Standing Position Associate With Medial Elbow Injuries in Youth Baseball Players: A Cross-Sectional Study
Akira Saito, Kyoji Okada, Hiromichi Sato, Kazuyuki Shibata, and Tetsuaki Kamata
Baseball pitching is a coordinated movement involving the lower and upper extremities and spine. Proper trunk motions help transfer energy from the lower extremities to the upper extremities during pitching motions, and this energy is subsequently transferred to the ball. 1 Conversely, improper
A Systematic Review of Lower-Body Kinematic and Strength Factors Associated With Pitch Velocity in Adult Baseball Pitchers
Joseph E. Manzi, Jonathan S. Yu, Suleiman Y. Sudah, Mark Wishman, Theodore Quan, Alexander Koo, Kyle N. Kunze, Michelle Kew, James B. Carr II, Michael Fu, and Joshua S. Dines
With over 15 million baseball players in the United States and over 65 million baseball players across the world, the sport of baseball is widely popularized. 1 , 2 Pitching accurately is a key skill for baseball pitchers, while pitch velocity also has a substantial impact on performance. The
The Effects of Contralateral Trunk Tilt on Elbow Varus Torque in Baseball Pitchers: A Critically Appraised Topic
Sierra Hakanson, Samuel T. Johnson, Emily C. Norcross, and Cathleen N. Brown
measure, 5 , 6 trunk tilt presents an opportunity for an easily identifiable and modifiable factor to reduce UCL loading and possibly injury. The purpose of this critically appraised topic (CAT) was to examine contralateral trunk tilt in baseball pitchers at the point of maximum external rotation, and to
Transient Ischemic Attack in a 22-Year-Old NCAA Division I Baseball Athlete: A Case Study
Daisy Luera, Ronald L. Snarr, Sara Posson, Ioannis Liras, George Liras, and Erica M. Filep
the TIA incident. This case study highlights an unusual occurrence of TIA in an NCAA Division I baseball athlete that also demonstrates the need for athletic trainers and emergency action plans (EAPs). Case Presentation A 22-year-old male (74.4 kg, 172.72 cm) NCAA Division I baseball shortstop with no
Functional Isokinetic Strength Ratios in Baseball Players With Injured Elbows
Yin-Chou Lin, Angela Thompson, Jung-Tang Kung, Liang-Wei Chieh, Shih-Wei Chou, and Jung-Charng Lin
Context:
Elbow injuries are widely reported among baseball players. The elbow is susceptible to injury when elbow-flexor and -extensor forces are imbalanced during pitching or throwing. Assessment of muscle-strength ratios may prove useful for diagnosing elbow injury.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the elbow-flexor and -extensor functional isokinetic ratios and elbow injury in baseball players.
Design:
Retrospective study.
Setting:
Biomechanics laboratory.
Participants:
College baseball players with (n = 9) and without (n = 12) self-reported elbow pain or loss of strength were recruited.
Intervention and Main Outcome Measures:
Trials were conducted using a dynamometer to assess dominant-arm flexor and extensor concentric and eccentric strength at angular velocities of 60° and 240°/s. Functional isokinetic ratios were calculated and compared between groups.
Results:
Regression analysis revealed that a ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric strength greater than 0.76 (the median value) significantly predicted elbow injury (P = .01, odds ratio of injury = 24). No other ratios or variables (including position played) were predictive of injury status.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that the ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric functional strength strongly predicts elbow-injury status in baseball players. Assessment of this ratio may prove useful in a practical setting for training purposes and both injury diagnosis and rehabilitation.
