The maximal amount of bone mass gained during growth (peak bone mass) is an important determinant of bone mass in later life and thereby an important determinant of fraeiure risk. Although genetic factors appear lo be primary determinants of peak bone mass, environmental factors such as physical activity and nutrition also contribute. In this article, bone growth and maintenance are reviewed, and mechanisms are described whereby physical activity can affect bone mass. Studies addressing the effects of physical activity on bone status in youth are reviewed: Although conclusive data are not yet available, considerable evidence supports the importance of activity, especially activity initiated before puberty. The critical role of energy in bone growth is outlined, and studies assessing the impact of calcium intake during childhood and adolescence are reviewed. Although results of intervention trials are equivocal, other evidence supports a role for calcium intake during growth. Recommendations for physical activity and nutrition, directed lochildren and adolescents, are presented.
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Nutrition, Exercise, and Bone Status in Youth
Susan I. Barr and Heather A. McKay
Impact of Physical Activity Intensity Levels on the Cardiometabolic Risk Status of Children: The Genobox Study
Francisco J. Llorente-Cantarero, Francisco J. Aguilar-Gómez, Gloria Bueno-Lozano, Augusto Anguita-Ruiz, Azahara I. Rupérez, Rocío Vázquez-Cobela, Katherine Flores-Rojas, Concepción M. Aguilera, Luis A. Moreno, Ángel Gil, Rosaura Leis, and Mercedes Gil-Campos
Physical activity (PA) practice, especially moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), in children and adolescents seems to improve physical fitness and cardiometabolic health, contributing to maintain an adequate body composition ( Poitras et al., 2016 ). Indeed, the management of childhood obesity is based
Effect of Exercise Duration on Subsequent Appetite and Energy Intake in Obese Adolescent Girls
Julie Masurier, Marie-Eve Mathieu, Stephanie Nicole Fearnbach, Charlotte Cardenoux, Valérie Julian, Céline Lambert, Bruno Pereira, Martine Duclos, Yves Boirie, and David Thivel
since, as suggested in the model proposed by Blair et al. ( 1989 ), childhood physical activity and health predict later life activity and health. Moreover, physical activity level has a significantly low-to-moderate stability over time ( Telama, 2009 ), with the time devoted to moderate
Male Flat Jockeys Do Not Display Deteriorations in Bone Density or Resting Metabolic Rate in Accordance With Race Riding Experience: Implications for RED-S
George Wilson, Dan Martin, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close
childhood and adolescence and to assess if any of these variables correlate with poor bone health. Support for a lack of an osteogenic stimulus is also provided by the observation that one of the apprentice jockeys studied here presented with a hip and lumbar Z -score of 2.2 and 1.8, respectively (see
Metabolic Rate in Adolescent Athletes: The Development and Validation of New Equations, and Comparison to Previous Models
Reid J. Reale, Timothy J. Roberts, Khalil A. Lee, Justina L. Bonsignore, and Melissa L. Anderson
.L. , & Krause , M.V. ( 2012 ). Krause’s food and the nutrition care process . St. Louis, MO : Elsevier Health Sciences . Marshall , W.A. , & Tanner , J.M. ( 1969 ). Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls . Archives of Disease in Childhood, 44 ( 235 ), 291 – 303 . PubMed ID: 5785179 doi
An Opinion on the Interpretation of Bone Turnover Markers Following Acute Exercise or Nutrition Intervention and Considerations for Applied Research
Mark J. Hutson and Ian Varley
of swimming during childhood and adolescence on bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Sports Medicine, 46 ( 3 ), 365 – 379 . 10.1007/s40279-015-0427-3 Guillemant , J. , Accarie , C. , Peres , G. , & Guillemant , S. ( 2004 ). Acute effects of an oral calcium load
Fat-Free Mass Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis as an Alternative to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Calculating Energy Availability in Female Adolescent Athletes
Ivy Evangelista Ramos, Gabriela Morgado Coelho, Haydée Serrão Lanzillotti, Elisabetta Marini, and Josely Correa Koury
maturity for girls ( Koury et al., 2019 ). Among the four equations tested in the present study, two showed great variation in the age range: 82 years for Sun et al. ( 2003 ); 76 years for Deurenberg et al. ( 1991 ); one included an age range corresponding to childhood and adolescence (a variation of 11
Long-Term Evaluation of Lipid Profile Changes in Olympic Athletes
Giuseppe Di Gioia, Lorenzo Buzzelli, Viviana Maestrini, Maria Rosaria Squeo, Erika Lemme, Sara Monosilio, Andrea Serdoz, Roberto Fiore, Domenico Zampaglione, Andrea Segreti, and Antonio Pelliccia
disease worldwide ( Murray et al., 2003 ). The pathological process could begin since childhood and progress silently, initially manifesting as thickening of the intima and leading to the subsequent formation of atherosclerotic plaque through lipid accumulation in the more advanced stages, which is the
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport in Male Athletes: A Commentary on Its Presentation Among Selected Groups of Male Athletes
Louise M. Burke, Graeme L. Close, Bronwen Lundy, Martin Mooses, James P. Morton, and Adam S. Tenforde
protect against, functional outcomes associated with LEA? • How can EA be managed to optimize body mass/composition for running economy and performance while minimizing health effects? • How does chronic exposure to LEA during early childhood affects distance runners health and performance later in their
Effects of Phenylcapsaicin on Intraocular and Ocular Perfusion Pressure During a 30-Min Cycling Task: A Placebo-Controlled, Triple-Blind, Balanced Crossover Study
Paula M. Lara Vázquez, María Dolores Morenas-Aguilar, Sara Chacón Ventura, Pablo Jiménez-Martínez, Carlos Alix-Fages, Amador García Ramos, Jesús Vera, and Beatriz Redondo
Apple Watch™ for measuring maximal heart rate . Journal of Sports Sciences, 36 , 1447 – 1452 . 10.1080/02640414.2017.1397282 Bai , W.L. , Kang , Y.T. , Li , S.M. , et al . ( 2022 ). Ocular perfusion pressure in 7- and 12-year-old Chinese children: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study
