Cyclo-cross is a competitive discipline that demands from the athletes a mix of road and off-road cycling and running abilities. Races consist of many laps (∼1 h in total) of a short course (∼3 km) comprising pavement, sand, wooded trails, grass, steep hills, and built obstacles. Often, the circuit
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Pacing Strategy and Tactical Positioning During Cyclo-Cross Races
Arthur H. Bossi, Ciaran O’Grady, Richard Ebreo, Louis Passfield, and James G. Hopker
The Cross-Cultural Training Needs of Football Coaches
Mário Borges, António Rosado, Babett Lobinger, Francisco Freitas, and Rita F. de Oliveira
can be across the metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioural dimensions ( Ang et al., 2007 ). Although coaches are commonly trained in technical and tactical aspects of the game as well as psychology and physiology, they rarely receive cross-cultural training ( Callary et al., 2014
Using Simple Interactions to Improve Pedagogy in a Cross-Aged Leadership Program
Michael A. Hemphill and Tom Martinek
Cross-aged teaching programs often represent “the beginning of developing leadership qualities that influence others to be responsible, caring, and compassionate human beings” ( Martinek & Hellison, 2009 , p. 76). Several examples of cross-aged teaching in the context of physical activity are
The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training
Pål Haugnes, Jan Kocbach, Harri Luchsinger, Gertjan Ettema, and Øyvind Sandbakk
Cross-country (XC) skiing is regarded as one of the most demanding endurance sports and involves whole-body exercise of varying techniques through racing times ranging from a few minutes to several hours. The competition terrain fluctuates between uphill, flat, and downhill sections, in which the
Nutritional Intake in Elite Cross-Country Skiers During Two Days of Training and Competition
Amelia Carr, Kerry McGawley, Andrew Govus, Erik P. Andersson, Oliver M. Shannon, Stig Mattsson, and Anna Melin
Cross-country sprint skiing competitions involve four very high-intensity efforts of 2–4 min, performed over 3–4 hr, commencing with a qualification heat completed as an individual time trial and followed by three subsequent head-to-head heats separated by ∼20–25 min ( Sandbakk et al., 2011
Power Output and Pacing During International Cross-Country Mountain Bike Cycling
Cyril Granier, Chris R. Abbiss, Anaël Aubry, Yvon Vauchez, Sylvain Dorel, Christophe Hausswirth, and Yann Le Meur
Olympic elite cross-country mountain bike (XCO-MTB) competitions are mass-start races of 80 to 100 minutes, involving a lap length between 4 and 6 km to go several times over a variety of terrains, 1 during which athletes aim to complete the event ahead of their rivals (4.2.001. Union Cycliste
Increasing Oxygen Uptake in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers During Work Intervals With a Fast Start
Bent R. Rønnestad, Tue Rømer, and Joar Hansen
Performance in cross-country (XC) skiing is highly related to maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max). 1 , 2 The high VO 2 max values in XC skiers could be related to numerous factors such as genetics, training volume, training periodization, and amount of high-intensity aerobic interval training
Effects of Three Types of Thought Content Instructions on Skiing Performance
Brent S. Rushall, Marty Hall, Laurent Roux, Jack Sasseville, and Amy C. Rushall
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of instructions—to think particular types of thoughts—on the cross-country skiing performances of elite skiers. Eighteen members of the Canadian Cross-Country Ski Team served as subjects. Instructions were given to plan and think particular types of thoughts while skiing, namely task-relevant statements, mood words, and positive self-statements. Performances on a standard test track under thought control conditions were compared to similar efforts under “normal” (control) thinking. Thirteen subjects also recorded heart rates at the completion of each trial. A balanced order design of two replications of each condition was employed in each of the three experiments. Sixteen subjects improved in all conditions whereas two subjects improved in only one condition. Heart rates were marginally higher and statistically significant in each experimental condition compared to the control condition. Performance improvements of more than 3% were registered under each thought content condition, even though all subjects reported that they were not aware of any effort differential. That performance improvements of this magnitude could be achieved in athletes of such a caliber indicates the value of attempts to use the particular forms of thoughts employed in this study for improving cross-country skiing performance.
Symptoms of Overtraining in Resistance Exercise: International Cross-Sectional Survey
Clementine Grandou, Lee Wallace, Aaron J. Coutts, Lee Bell, and Franco M. Impellizzeri
overtraining in resistance exercise. The study participants were drawn from a convenience sample and restricted to competitive resistance-based athletes; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to noncompetitive athletes or endurance athletes. In addition, this study adopted a cross-sectional design
The Multidisciplinary Process Leading to Return From Underperformance and Sustainable Success in the World’s Best Cross-Country Skier
Guro Strøm Solli, Espen Tønnessen, and Øyvind Sandbakk
Cross-country (XC) skiing is a challenging endurance sport, where maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and VO 2 at the lactate threshold are critical for performance. 1 – 3 In addition, the technical demands in XC skiing are high, requiring many hours of deliberate training in the various
