Cyclo-cross is a competitive discipline that demands from the athletes a mix of road and off-road cycling and running abilities. Races consist of many laps (∼1 h in total) of a short course (∼3 km) comprising pavement, sand, wooded trails, grass, steep hills, and built obstacles. Often, the circuit
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Pacing Strategy and Tactical Positioning During Cyclo-Cross Races
Arthur H. Bossi, Ciaran O’Grady, Richard Ebreo, Louis Passfield, and James G. Hopker
Power Output and Pacing During International Cross-Country Mountain Bike Cycling
Cyril Granier, Chris R. Abbiss, Anaël Aubry, Yvon Vauchez, Sylvain Dorel, Christophe Hausswirth, and Yann Le Meur
Olympic elite cross-country mountain bike (XCO-MTB) competitions are mass-start races of 80 to 100 minutes, involving a lap length between 4 and 6 km to go several times over a variety of terrains, 1 during which athletes aim to complete the event ahead of their rivals (4.2.001. Union Cycliste
Symptoms of Overtraining in Resistance Exercise: International Cross-Sectional Survey
Clementine Grandou, Lee Wallace, Aaron J. Coutts, Lee Bell, and Franco M. Impellizzeri
overtraining in resistance exercise. The study participants were drawn from a convenience sample and restricted to competitive resistance-based athletes; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to noncompetitive athletes or endurance athletes. In addition, this study adopted a cross-sectional design
Performance-Determining Variables of a Simulated Sprint Cross-Country Skiing Competition
Rune Kjøsen Talsnes, Jan-Magnus Brattebø, Tore Berdal, Trine Seeberg, Knut Skovereng, Thomas Losnegard, Jan Kocbach, and Øyvind Sandbakk
Sprint cross-country skiing involves repeated ∼3-minute high-intensity efforts separated by ∼15- to 120-minute recovery periods, starting with an individual qualifying time trial (TT) followed by 3 knock-out heats as the competition format progresses (quarterfinals [QF], semifinals [SF], and final
An Analysis of Warm-Up Strategies at a Cross-Country Skiing National Championship
Thomas W. Jones, Andrew D. Govus, Alfred Buskqvist, Erik P. Andersson, and Kerry McGawley
cross-country skiers, who typically compete in cold environments. Owing to the absence of sufficient information on effective WU strategies for specific endurance events, 2 , 6 , 7 many WU practices adopted by athletes and coaches are based on anecdotal experiences and traditions rather than empirical
Peak Age and Relative Performance Progression in International Cross-Country Skiers
Jacob Walther, Roy Mulder, Dionne A. Noordhof, Thomas A. Haugen, and Øyvind Sandbakk
performance progression. So far, these analyses have been mainly restricted to summer Olympic sports, such as athletics, 4 – 6 swimming, 7 and weightlifting. 8 Cross-country (XC) skiing is a weight-bearing, full-body locomotion modality with plyometric muscle actions involved, and this sport has always been
Aerobic and Anaerobic Power Distribution During Cross-Country Mountain Bike Racing
Bernhard Prinz, Dieter Simon, Harald Tschan, and Alfred Nimmerichter
The Olympic discipline of mountain bike cross-country (XCO-MTB) is a mass-start event over several laps and varying terrains including technical uphill and downhill sections. Previous literature examining the characteristics of XCO-MTB reported an actual race time from 114 (2) to 128 (17) minutes
Competitive Cross-Country Skiers Have Longer Time to Exhaustion Than Recreational Cross-Country Skiers During Intermittent Work Intervals Normalized to Their Maximal Aerobic Power
Eivind Holsbrekken, Øyvind Gløersen, Magne Lund-Hansen, and Thomas Losnegard
Endurance-sport performance is generally dependent on performance oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ) and gross efficiency (GE). Some endurance sports, like cross-country (XC) skiing and cycling, are characterized by large fluctuations in intensity due to both environmental factors and equipment used. 1 – 4
The Annual Periodization of Training Volumes of International-Level Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes
Evgeny B. Myakinchenko, Andrey S. Kriuchkov, Nikita V. Adodin, and Victor Feofilaktov
effects. Numerous investigations of the training process for cross-country skiers (XC) have been conducted in recent years. Analysis of main TrVs and characteristics, training-intensity distribution under time-in-zone (TIZ) and session-goal approaches, pretapering and tapering phases, and tendencies in
Sex Differences in Physiological Determinants of Performance in Elite Adolescent, Junior, and Senior Cross-Country Skiers
Ove Sollie and Thomas Losnegard
In cross-country (XC) skiing, male athletes typically perform 10% to 12% better compared with their female counterparts 2 , 5 depending on the subtechnique employed, as the sex difference is magnified when the contribution from poling increases. 6 Olympic XC skiing lasts from approximately 3
