of sport literature that purport to tell us how to go on ethically when we are confronted by ethical quandaries like those featured in our above hard cases. The first goes by the name of formalism and argues that the relevant norms and standards that are needed to navigate successfully such hard
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Philosophy and Kinesiology: A Tenuous Past and an Uncertain Future
William J. Morgan
Challenges, Achievements, and Uncertainties: The Philosophy of Sport Since the 1980s
R. Scott Kretchmar and Cesar R. Torres
values, gave way in the 1980s and early 1990s to broader theorizations of sport. The first such theory was known as formalism, and it grew out of Suits’s account of sport. According to formalism, “the various derivative notions of a game are to be defined exclusively in terms of its formal rules