-related symptoms such as cramps, gastrointestinal distress, and mood swings, especially a few days before, and during, menstruation. Naturally, these symptoms may affect their desire to exercise and, in more severe cases, may affect performance and/or the ability to exercise ( Bruinvels et al., 2017 , 2021
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Self-Reported Performance and Hormonal-Cycle-Related Symptoms in Competitive Female Athletes
Johanna K. Ihalainen, Sinikka Takalo, Katja Mjøsund, Guro Strøm Solli, Maarit Valtonen, Marja Kokkonen, Anthony C. Hackney, and Ritva S. Mikkonen
Strength, Conditioning, and Nutritional Considerations for High-Level Performers
Richard B. Kreider
suppresses appetite and/or alters hunger patterns so that many athletes do not feel like eating ( Burke, 2007 ; Burke & Deakin, 2015 ). For example, some athletes prefer not to exercise for several hours after eating because of sensations of fullness and/or a predisposition to cause gastrointestinal
The 2019 Biennial International Female Athlete Conference Proceedings
Nicole Farnsworth, Bryan Holtzman, Lauren McCall, Kristin E. Whitney, Meghan Keating, Laura Moretti, Bridget Quinn, Donna Duffy, and Kathryn E. Ackerman
of fiber, which could cause gastrointestinal distress and impair the absorption of certain nutrients ( Cialdella-Kam et al., 2016 ). Some athletes follow a special diet due to misinformation or as a way to restrict certain foods as part of a disordered eating/eating disorder behavior. Dietary intake