traditional development levels of movement skills: early movement milestones, fundamental movement skills, and specialized movement skills. The sixth level is related to functional movement skills and specialized movement skills. Thus, gross motor coordination is a specific aspect of general motor competence
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Association Between Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity and Gross Motor Coordination in Preschool Children
Sandra Silva-Santos, Amanda Santos, Michael Duncan, Susana Vale, and Jorge Mota
Comparability of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition and the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition
Stephanie C. Field, Christina B. Esposito Bosma, and Viviene A. Temple
The Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000 ) has been one of the most widely used process-orientated measures of motor skill proficiency, with more than 1,000 citations in the international literature since it was published. Attaching meaning to raw TGMD-2 scores has
Gross Motor Skills and School Day Physical Activity: Mediating Effect of Perceived Competence
You Fu and Ryan D. Burns
, 2007 ). Because children spend a significant portion of waking hours during school, finding ways to increase school day physical activity may facilitate meeting daily guidelines. Improving gross motor skills may facilitate meeting daily physical activity guidelines in youth. Evidence suggests that the
Psychometric Proprieties of the Slovenian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3
Miha Marinšek, Klemen Bedenik, and Marjeta Kovač
Gross motor development refers to changes in specific motor skills involving large and small muscle groups over time. In the contemporary approach to gross motor development assessment, motor competence should be characterized as qualitative changes in movement patterns and quantitative movement
Associations of School Day Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Gross Motor Skills: Use of Compositional Data Analysis
Ryan D. Burns, Youngwon Kim, Wonwoo Byun, and Timothy A. Brusseau
Fundamental gross motor skills facilitate physical health, well-being, and performance in activities of daily living for the developing child. 1 , 2 Fundamental gross motor skills manifest from rudimentary phases of infancy to complicated locomotor and manipulative movements and serve as building
Associations Between Physical Activity and Gross Motor Skills in Parent–Child Dyads
Katherine Q. Scott-Andrews, Rebecca E. Hasson, Alison L. Miller, Thomas J. Templin, and Leah E. Robinson
wide range of gross motor skills (i.e., locomotor, object manipulation, and stability skills) and is positively associated with physical activity ( Robinson et al., 2015 ; Stodden et al., 2008 ). However, physical activity levels are low in both adults ( Althoff et al., 2017 ) and children ( United
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3rd Edition
Farzad Mohammadi, Abbas Bahram, Hasan Khalaji, Dale A. Ulrich, and Farhad Ghadiri
Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is considered as one of the most frequently used measurement scales for fundamental motor skills competency ( Ulrich, 1985 , 2000 ). In addition, it is regarded as one of the most widely adopted, standardized process-oriented assessments, which provides useful
The Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: A Bifactor Model, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance
Sedigheh Salami, Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira, Cristiano Mauro Assis Gomes, and Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi
.g., jump distance). In contrast, process-oriented tests are concerned with how the skill is performed (e.g., arm–leg coordination during running; Hands et al., 2002 ). The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is considered one of the most widely used instruments for FMS competency ( Ulrich, 1985 , 2000 ). It
Test of Gross Motor Development–3 Validity and Reliability: A Screening Form
Nadia Cristina Valentini, Glauber Carvalho Nobre, Larissa Wagner Zanella, Keila G. Pereira, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, and Mary Elizabeth Rudisill
deficiencies is essential for early intervention to eliminate the risk of further delays ( Martini et al., 2011 ). Several motor tests are currently used to assess motor skills with adequate cross-cultural psychometrics ( Tamplain et al., 2020 ), such as the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD). All versions
SKIPping With PAX: Evaluating the Effects of a Dual-Component Intervention on Gross Motor Skill and Social–Emotional Development
Ali Brian, Emily E. Munn, T. Cade Abrams, Layne Case, Sally Taunton Miedema, Alexandra Stribing, Unjong Lee, and Stephen Griffin
Preschool is a crucial time for the development of self-regulation ( Robson et al., 2020 ) and gross motor skills ( Barnett et al., 2016 ; Bolger et al., 2021 ). Such skills have been linked to social, emotional, cognitive, psychological, and physical health, as well as academic success across
