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Nature Versus Nurture: Have Performance Gaps Between Men and Women Reached an Asymptote?

Mindy Millard-Stafford, Ann E. Swanson, and Matthew T. Wittbrodt

cardiorespiratory capacity. 21 After “removing” the impact of fat/load carriage, the residual male advantage in swimming 400 m remains at ∼8% (Figure  2 ). Numerous factors may account for this. Lower absolute cardiorespiratory capacity due to: reduced hemoglobin mass, blood volume, heart/lung size relative to

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Running Mechanics and Metabolic Responses With Water Bottles and Bottle Belt Holders

Heather K. Vincent, Laura A. Zdziarski, Kyle Fallgatter, Giorgio Negron, Cong Chen, Trevor Leavitt, MaryBeth Horodyski, Joseph G. Wasser, and Kevin R. Vincent

fluids on energy expenditure and running mechanics. This is an important gap in running science. What we currently know about effects of load carriage on running motion or rates of oxygen use and energy expenditure has been obtained from military personnel. Indeed, previous studies were designed to

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Improvement of Flutter-Kick Performance in Novice Surface Combat Swimmers With Increased Hip Strength

Anne Z. Beethe, Elizabeth F. Nagle, Mita Lovalekar, Takashi Nagai, Bradley C. Nindl, and Christopher Connaboy

others, while seeking to preserve energy stores in an attempt to ensure the remainder of the mission is successful. 11 , 12 Operators are known to swim up to 11 km wearing military clothing (fatigues), boots, fins, load carriage equipment (webbing), weapons, and a buoyant-weighted rucksack while