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fluctuation of anabolic and catabolic reactions, mainly regulated through dietary intake. Therefore, it is classically recommended that athletes ingest a minimal amount of proteins (20 g or 0.3 g·kg body mass) every 3–4 hr, the time necessary to absorb, digest, and stimulate muscle protein synthesis

of muscle protein synthesis was from one day to some weeks ( Murphy et al., 2018 ; Reidy & Rasmussen, 2016 ). In other words, although duration of muscle protein synthesis was reported in those studies, duration of actual muscle mass increase is unclear for older adults. We demonstrated that

not discussed in our meta-review and may be found elsewhere ( Trouwborst et al., 2018 ). Proteins, essential amino acids, in particular, are potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis, emphasizing the need for adequate high-quality protein consumption for muscle health. The protein recommendation

, glucagon-like peptide 1, and gastric inhibitory peptide, favoring an increase in insulin secretion ( American Diabetes Association, 2018 ). WP consumption stimulates muscle protein synthesis in older adults ( Devries & Phillips, 2015 ) and increases muscle strength when accompanied by resistance exercises

to an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) that older adults present compared with their younger peers when an anabolic stimulus (e.g., resistance training [RT] and protein intake) is provided ( Churchward-Venne et al., 2014 ; Francaux et al., 2016 ). In this sense, it is of great

reported that older adults have an impaired response to protein ingestion stimulating muscle protein synthesis when compared with their younger counterparts ( Katsanos, Kobayashi, Sheffield-Moore, Aarsland, & Wolfe, 2006 ). Furthermore, in frail or malnourished adults, there is an emphasis on enhancing the

). High-impact loading through resistance training is a particularly potent myogenic and osteogenic stimulus. However, load-induced mechanical activation of muscle protein synthesis and osteogenesis in older adults appears to be blunted compared with younger counterparts ( Greig et al., 2011 ; Kohrt

, thus increasing muscle protein synthesis, reducing systemic protein hydrolysis, and improving muscle function ( Naseeb & Volpe, 2017 ). There is evidence to suggest that changes in muscle function are determined by age, sex, race, body fat, weight, and muscle strength ( Tieland et al., 2018 ). In

the recovery and adaptive process to a period of loading is an increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS), which is a crucial driver of skeletal muscle hypertrophy ( Phillips, 2014 ). When MPS rates exceed that of muscle protein breakdown, positive muscle protein balance is achieved and hypertrophy

improves muscle protein synthesis and preserves myocellular quality despite weight loss . Cell Metabolism, 30 ( 2 ), 261 – 273.e266 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.008 31279675 Fried , L.P. , Tangen , C.M. , Walston , J. , Newman , A.B. , Hirsch , C. , Gottdiener , J. , Seeman