historically been used in the rehabilitation field to treat neurologically impaired patients (eg, stroke, Parkinson disease, etc), it has recently shown promise in improving muscle strength and decreasing pain and opioid use in individuals with musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis and total knee
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Justin L. Rush, Lindsey K. Lepley, Steven Davi, and Adam S. Lepley
Zachary Y. Kerr, Julianna Prim, J.D. DeFreese, Leah C. Thomas, Janet E. Simon, Kevin A. Carneiro, Stephen W. Marshall, and Kevin M. Guskiewicz
/act028 23644673 9. Cottler LB , Abdallah AB , Cummings SM , Barr J , Banks R , Forchheimer R . Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players . Drug Alcohol Depend . 2011 ; 116 ( 1–3 ): 188 – 194 . PubMed ID: 21277121 doi:10.1016/j
Kate N. Jochimsen, Carl G. Mattacola, Brian Noehren, Kelsey J. Picha, Stephen T. Duncan, and Cale A. Jacobs
prevalence of prolonged opioid use. 13 – 18 , 37 Findings from the current study suggest individuals with self-reported depression and/or anxiety have higher pain catastrophizing and lower self-efficacy. Interestingly they did not report worse pain or function. The authors hypothesize that poor psychosocial
