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The Influence of Familiarization on Physical Fitness Test Results in Primary School-Aged Children

Ivan Vrbik, Goran Sporiš, Lovro Štefan, Dejan Madić, Nebojša Trajković, Irena Valantine, and Zoran Milanović

Purpose:

The number of familiarization sessions in fitness assessments seems to be critical and inconsistent. Therefore, the primary aim of this research was to determine the number of familiarization attempts that stabilize the results in particular physical fitness tests. The secondary aim was to establish the test reliability through familiarization sessions.

Methods:

Thirty-nine primary school children participated in this research (age: 10.8 years, body mass: 40.6 ± 8.9 kg, and body height: 145.3 ± 7.2 cm). During six sessions, with one session every third day, participants performed the following tests to assess explosive strength (vertical jump and standing long jump), coordination (polygon backward and polygon with turn) and flexibility (toe touch).

Results:

The results of repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant increases (p < .05) in the polygon backward and polygon with turn performances from the first to third familiarization session. The standard error of measurement decreased as sessions progressed, indicating little within subject variation between the coordination test results following a familiarization period. Statistically significant differences were identified in the vertical jump test from the fourth test session compared with the first session. On the other hand, statistically significant differences for the standing long jump test were only found in the final session compared with the initial session. In the toe touch test, there were no significant increases from the first to the final familiarization session. All tests showed high a reliability coefficients, ranging from 0.979 to 0.991.

Conclusion:

Polygon backward and polygon with turn performance may be a practical, reliable method to assess coordination in primary school-aged children. However, completion of at least 3 practice sessions is suggested for participants to obtain a stable score. In addition, both jump tests are feasible for assessing skill-related fitness in young children, although the scientific reliability of the two tests should be questioned and the tests should be tailored to fit the age group of the children.

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science

In Pediatric Exercise Science Volume 29 (2017): Issue 2 (Jan 2017)

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Empowering Primary School Students, Potential Benefits of Resistance Training Movement Activities in Physical Education: Narrative Review

Andrew Sortwell, Daniel A. Marinho, Jorge Knijnik, and Ricardo Ferraz

performance, can be termed “resistance training movement activities.” Resistance training movement activities (RMTA) can be safe and beneficial in the primary school physical education (PE) curriculum to enhance motor skill competencies, physical fitness, and related psychosocial factors and to enhance

Cover Kinesiology Review

In Kinesiology Review Volume 11 (2022): Issue 3 (Aug 2022)

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Perceived and Actual Movement Skill Competence: The Association Among Primary School Children in Hong Kong

Cecilia Hoi Sze Chan, Amy Sau Ching Ha, and Johan Yau Yin Ng

, & Howlett, 2010a ; LeGear et al., 2012 ). Findings hold across age groups. A large proportion of primary school children were rated as non-proficient in most skills ( Foweather, 2010 ; Hume et al., 2008 ; van Beurden et al., 2003 ), while students arriving at secondary school were also found to not have

Cover Journal of Motor Learning and Development

In Journal of Motor Learning and Development Volume 6 (2018): Issue s2 (Oct 2018)

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The Effect of Primary School-Based Physical Education Programs: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Markel Rico-González

school children. Therefore, the present article aimed to systematically summarize primary school-based intervention programs and their effects evaluated through RCT design. This study may be helpful for PE teachers to involve children in a healthy lifestyle based on scientific evidence. Method

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 20 (2023): Issue 4 (Apr 2023)

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The Effectiveness of Two Interventions on Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency Among a Cohort of Irish Primary School Children

Lisa E. Bolger, Linda A. Bolger, Cian O’Neill, Edward Coughlan, Wesley O’Brien, Seán Lacey, and Con Burns

old) spend approximately 4.5–5.5 hours (class and school dependent) in primary school throughout the academic year (a minimum of 40% of their waking day) ( Department of Education and Skills, 2017 ). The primary school setting offers an ideal opportunity for the development of FMS. In addition

Cover Journal of Motor Learning and Development

In Journal of Motor Learning and Development Volume 7 (2019): Issue 2 (Aug 2019)

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Correlates of Motor Competence in Primary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Portuguese Municipality

Francisco Carvalho, Marcos Onofre, João Mota, Miguel Peralta, Adilson Marques, Ana Quitério, António Rodrigues, Pedro Alves, Wesley O’Brien, and João Martins

of primary school-aged children. Concerning the level of the behavioral attributes and skills, in a context where most children fail to meet the three behaviors that integrate the 24-hr movement guidelines ( Carson et al., 2016 ), investigating the various dimensions of MC as related to those

Cover Journal of Motor Learning and Development

In Journal of Motor Learning and Development Volume 12 (2024): Issue 1 (Apr 2024)

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Potential Role of Plyometric Training in the Development of Motor Performance Skills: A Narrative Review

Andrew Sortwell, Michael Newton, Daniel A. Marinho, Jorge Knijnik, and Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

increased inactivity and children being overweight, PE curriculum in schools is inclined to focus on time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( Dauenhauer et al., 2019 ). Current physical activity interventions for primary school children also tend to overlook the critical importance of motor

Cover Kinesiology Review

In Kinesiology Review Volume 11 (2022): Issue 2 (May 2022)

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“I Just Like the Feeling of It, Outside Being Active”: Pupils’ Experiences of a School-Based Running Program, a Qualitative Study

Anna E. Chalkley, Ash C. Routen, Jo P. Harris, Lorraine A. Cale, Trish Gorely, and Lauren B. Sherar

. This is particularly important during the planning and early stages of delivery where the inclusion of pupils as active participants, rather than passive recipients, of a healthy lifestyle program has been found to be important in enhancing its long-term impact and sustainability in primary schools

Cover Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

In Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Volume 42 (2020): Issue 1 (Feb 2020)

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Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents in Croatia: A Global Matrix 4.0 Systematic Review of Its Prevalence and Associated Personal, Social, Environmental, and Policy Factors

Željko Pedišić, Melanija Strika, Tena Matolić, Maroje Sorić, Sanja Šalaj, Ivan Dujić, Marija Rakovac, Branko Radičević, Hrvoje Podnar, Zrinka Greblo Jurakić, Marjan Jerković, Hrvoje Radašević, Jelena Čvrljak, Tin Petračić, Sanja Musić Milanović, Maja Lang Morović, Slaven Krtalić, Mirjana Milić, Alma Papić, Nataša Momčinović, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Stjepan Heimer, and Danijel Jurakić

primary school students and 5169 grade 4 secondary school students found that the prevalence of participation in organized sports activities in 2020 was 54.0% among primary school students and 30.0% among secondary school students. 39 In a secondary analysis of data from a study conducted among 809

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 20 (2023): Issue 6 (Jun 2023)

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Learning “Math on the Move”: Effectiveness of a Combined Numeracy and Physical Activity Program for Primary School Children

Melanie Vetter, Helen O’Connor, Nicholas O’Dwyer, and Rhonda Orr

The health benefits of regular physical activity and maintaining physical fitness are widely established. 1 In primary school children, adequate, regular, and well-designed physical activity programs are also critical to the development of fundamental movement skills. 2 In recent years, there has

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 15 (2018): Issue 7 (Jul 2018)