cycling athletes to highlight suboptimal EA, RMR measures, dietary protein intakes, testosterone concentrations, and possible performance implications in track cyclists. Methods Case Series This cross-sectional data set is a subset from a larger project observing LEA in elite male and female track
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Case Study: Energy Availability and Endocrine Markers in Elite Male Track Cyclists
Katherine L. Schofield, Holly Thorpe, and Stacy T. Sims
Concurrent Validity of a Continuous Glucose-Monitoring System at Rest and During and Following a High-Intensity Interval Training Session
Pauline Clavel, Eve Tiollier, Cédric Leduc, Marina Fabre, Mathieu Lacome, and Martin Buchheit
Figure 1 . Nutritional intake during breakfast was manipulated in order to provide either a high carbohydrate (CHO) or protein (PROT) breakfast, to induce different levels of resting ad preexercise glycemia. Each typical breakfast was repeated twice. Over those standardized days, blood glucose was
The Effects of an Acute “Train-Low” Nutritional Protocol on Markers of Recovery Optimization in Endurance-Trained Male Athletes
Isabella Russo, Paul A. Della Gatta, Andrew Garnham, Judi Porter, Louise M. Burke, and Ricardo J.S. Costa
, carbohydrate availability indirectly influences hydration status, net protein balance, immune and gastrointestinal function, all of which have implications for recovery optimization 3 ; but in the context of gastrointestinal and immune status have generally been neglected in recovery research. 6 For example
Effects of Foot-Strike Patterns on Biomarkers S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B/Neuron-Specific Enolase in Running—A Pilot Study
Jan Schroeder, Franziska Erthel, and Karsten Hollander
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) are biochemical markers used to assess the damage of central nervous tissues after trauma or ischemia. 1 Recent research revealed increased serum concentrations after different kinds of sports such as boxing, football
Effects of Increased Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass on Endurance-Cycling Performance
Iñigo Mujika, Bent R. Rønnestad, and David T. Martin
Despite early and ongoing debate among athletes, coaches, and sport scientists, it is likely that resistance training for endurance cyclists can be tolerated, promotes desired adaptations that support training, and can directly improve performance. Lower-body heavy strength training performed in addition to endurance-cycling training can improve both short- and long-term endurance performance. Strength-maintenance training is essential to retain strength gains during the competition season. Competitive female cyclists with greater lower-body lean mass (LBLM) tend to have ~4–9% higher maximum mean power per kg LBLM over 1 s to 10 min. Such relationships enable optimal body composition to be modeled. Resistance training off the bike may be particularly useful for modifying LBLM, whereas more cycling-specific training strategies like eccentric cycling and single-leg cycling with a counterweight have not been thoughtfully investigated in well-trained cyclists. Potential mechanisms for improved endurance include postponed activation of less efficient type II muscle fibers, conversion of type IIX fibers into more fatigue-resistant IIa fibers, and increased muscle mass and rate of force development.
Reliability of Urinary Dehydration Markers in Elite Youth Boxers
Damir Zubac, Drazen Cular, and Uros Marusic
, several other important factors may interfere with the diagnostic accuracy of U SG . Factors such as increased muscle mass, 15 urine metabolite clearance, 16 and high-protein diets 17 have been documented to artificially increase urine concentration, independently of actual hydration status. Indeed
Alterations in Redox Homeostasis During Recovery From Unexplained Underperformance Syndrome in an Elite International Rower
Nathan A. Lewis, Ann Redgrave, Mark Homer, Richard Burden, Wendy Martinson, Brian Moore, and Charles R. Pedlar
, consisting of combined carbohydrate and protein and protein-only recovery products, specific micronutrients, and an electrolyte powder. Clinical laboratory results where available (see Table 1 ) were unremarkable apart from serum urea and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen, the latter indicative of previous
An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports
Iñigo Mujika, Shona Halson, Louise M. Burke, Gloria Balagué, and Damian Farrow
, as well as the effects of hypertrophy on signaling pathways and satellite cell activity after acute strength exercise in physically active men training 2 days per week. Cold water immersion attenuated long-term gains in muscle mass and strength and blunted the activation of key proteins and satellite
Planned Load Reduction Versus Fixed Load: A Strategy to Reduce the Perception of Effort With Similar Improvements in Hypertrophy and Strength
Bruce M. Lima, Rafael S. Amancio, Diacre S. Gonçalves, Alexander J. Koch, Victor M. Curty, and Marco Machado
response to exercise, which may have a positive impact on stimulating greater muscle protein synthesis. 12 Recent work has shown that muscle protein synthesis is likely not impacted by acute changes in circulating hormones after exercise. 13 Nonetheless, multiple sets to failure with short rest intervals
Impact-Induced Muscle Damage and Contact Sports: Etiology, Effects on Neuromuscular Function and Recovery, and the Modulating Effects of Adaptation and Recovery Strategies
Mitchell Naughton, Joanna Miller, and Gary J. Slater
intracellular proteins into the bloodstream, 7 ultimately attenuating muscle function and athletic performance. 8 The course of these alterations and strategies that may affect the course of various symptoms associated with EIMD has been areas of detailed investigation. 7 , 9 , 10 Additional sources of muscle
