The relationship between stress and disease, in particular cardiovascular disease, has long been recognized, whereas the study of the physiological mechanisms that explain this link has only more recently received attention. The acute response to stress is generally thought to be a critically important adaptation designed to activate the system in preparation to cope with the stressor. However, prolonged stimulation of the system (acute and chronic) can lead to deleterious adaptations including the release of inflammatory cytokines (small proteins important in cell signaling) that play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. Scientists have therefore used a breadth of protocols and methods to identify the complexity of our fight-or-flight response and demonstrate the synergy between perception, the stress response, physical activity, and health. In addition, the critical assessment of cellular health, the gut microbiome, and genetic polymorphisms have further advanced our understanding of additional therapeutic targets against CVD.
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Physiological Activation to Acute Mental Challenge: Implications for Cardiovascular Health
Edmund O. Acevedo and Aaron L. Slusher
The Human Genome, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health
Claude Bouchard
000 protein-coding genes whose coding sequences required only about 2% of the human genome sequence. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Consortium comprised of hundreds of scientists has shed considerable light on the abundant DNA elements encoded in the remaining 98% of the genome and their roles in regulation
Exercise Physiology From 1980 to 2020: Application of the Natural Sciences
Jane A. Kent and Kate L. Hayes
being able to visualize protein interactions, understand cellular biochemistry, and investigate in vivo structure and function are but a few examples of how technological developments have enhanced our ability to ask increasingly sophisticated questions related to physiology and the response to exercise
Roberta J. Park: Paving the Sport History Highway While Saving Physical Education From a House Divided
Patricia Vertinsky and Alison Wrynn
American College of Sports Medicine, and herself in Essays in the History of Sports Medicine and were followed up by numerous studies, including work on high-protein diets, “damaged hearts,” and the causal relationships among health, longevity, and sport participation ( Berryman & Park, 1992 ; Park
Race, Cardiovascular Disease, and Vascular Health
Michael D. Brown and Dulce H. Gomez
endothelium, the smooth muscle located in the blood vessel wall, and the outer layer consisting largely of structural proteins. Vasodilator Function The single layer of endothelial cells that line the entire circulatory system has the ability to act in both sensory and effector capacities and is critical to
