This study examined the factorial validity of the Eades Burnout Inventory (EABI) and the prevalence of burnout in adolescent elite athletes and whether burnout is more common in individual sports than in team sports. The EABI was distributed to 980 athletes (402 females and 578 males) in 29 different sports. Confirmatory-factor analyses revealed an acceptable factorial validity for a theoretically supported four-factor model of the EABI. Between 1% and 9% of the athletes displayed elevated burnout scores on these four subscales. The hypothesis of higher prevalence of burnout in individual sports was, however, not supported. Furthermore, no correlation between training load and burnout scores was found. These findings suggest that factors other than training load must be considered when athletes at risk for burnout are investigated.
Search Results
Prevalence of Burnout in Competitive Adolescent Athletes
Henrik Gustafsson, Göran Kenttä, Peter Hassmén, and Carolina Lundqvist
Assessing Stress and Recovery during Preparation for the World Championships in Rowing
Michael Kellmann, Dieter Altenburg, Werner Lormes, and Jürgen M. Steinacker
Training stress and adequate recovery have been identified as important factors to enhance performance in sports and to avoid overtraining. Research dealing with training monitoring and overtraining is mostly based on the Profile of Mood Stales (POMS). Recently, Kellmann and Kallus (2000, 2001) published the Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport), which assesses training effects from the perspective of stress and recovery. During a six-week training camp before and at the World Championships, 24 female and 30 male rowers of the German Junior National Rowing Team completed the RESTQ-Sport and the POMS six times. Results of selected MANOVA’s revealed significant increases of stress and decreases of recovery when training load expands, and vice versa. Changes in mood, creatine kinase, and ergometer performance reflect the alteration and success of training. These results suggest that the RESTQ-Sport is a potential alternative to the POMS in evaluating the impact of various training schedules.
Positive Emotions Are Not Simply the Absence of the Negative Ones: Development and Validation of the Emotional Recovery Questionnaire (EmRecQ)
Carolina Lundqvist and Göran Kenttä
The purpose of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Emotional Recovery Questionnaire (EmRecQ) and to describe athletes’ individual response patterns in five repeated assessments using the EmRecQ. Three samples were used. Samples 1 and 2 consisted of 192 and 379 (Mean age 16.4 years, SD = 0.7 and Mean age: 17.0 years, SD = 1.1) elite athletes from different sports. The third sample consisted of 20 (Mean age: 21.3, SD = 19.0) female elite basketball players. The EmRecQ is a 22-item questionnaire that assesses Happiness, Security, Harmony, Love, and Vitality. Results showed acceptable weighted omega reliability and construct reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the a priori specified five-factor correlated model. Case profiles of repeated assessments revealed individual response patterns of the separate EmRecQ subscales that corresponded well with rated training load and total quality of recovery. The findings provide support for the EmRecQ’s psychometric properties and applied usefulness.
Association of Coping Strategies With Symptoms of Burnout in Young Football Players in a Career Transition Phase: Are Professionalization and Occurrence of Injuries Mediating Factors?
Adson Alves da Silva, Gabriel Lucas Morais Freire, José Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes, Leonardo de Souza Fortes, Rodrigo Gustavo da Silva Carvalho, and José Roberto Andrade do Nascimento Junior
personality development, and this could interfere in their control of reactions and emotions ( Samulski & Chagas, 2008 ). Potential stressors, which are increased at this specific stage, are associated with the uncertainty regarding the process of drafting and continuity in the sport, high training loads
Australian Football Coaches’ Tales of Mental Toughness: Exploring the Sociocultural Roots
Stephanie J. Tibbert, Mark B. Andersen, Tony Morris, and Christopher Mesagno
was in trouble because I wasn’t performing. He sat me down, got his laptop out, and started the lecture, “You’ve gotta manage your loads and your training. Here is your training load, and look at the last 3 weeks. You haven’t been able to do your training load; you are putting in too many big training
A Shattered Dream: Meaning Construction in Response to Retirement From Professional Sport Due to Career-Ending Injury
Shani Pitcho-Prelorentzos and Michal Mahat-Shamir
assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma . New York, NY : The Free Press . Jones , C.M. , Griffiths , P.C. , & Mellalieu , S.D. ( 2017 ). Training load and fatigue marker associations with injury and illness: A systematic review of longitudinal studies . Sports Medicine, 47 ( 5 ), 943
The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Well-Being on Performance of Soccer Players: An Inclusive Model
Sinan Yildirim and Ziya Koruç
with a greater level of certainty, the effects of these variables should be further explored in different study groups. Suggestions for Future Research One of the limitations of this research is that it focused on male athletes aged 16–20. Characteristics of psychomotor development, training load
Let’s Hear It From the Kids! Examining the Experiences, Views, and Needs of Highly Committed Children Involved in Youth Sport
Jennifer J. Harris, Dave Collins, and Christine Nash
this regard, it has been shown that if the training load is managed appropriately then injury can indeed be avoided and the physical benefits and long-term health implications of high-level sport remain the major focus ( McKay et al., 2019 ). Perhaps the challenges of injury and pain are not as
Self-Expectations, Socially Prescribed Expectations, and Wellness in 14- to 15-Year-Old Athletes, Ballet, and Music Students in Norwegian Talent Schools—An Interview Study
Annett Victoria Stornæs, Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Gunn Pettersen, Jan H. Rosenvinge, and Sanna M. Nordin-Bates
high workloads, many performers expected themselves to maintain high training loads and performance levels. Also, many performers talked about having challenges in making time for social life with friends and family outside school and sports/performing arts; for instance, athlete Harper illustrated
The Highs and the Lows—Exploring the Nature of Optimally Impactful Development Experiences on the Talent Pathway
Jamie Taylor and Dave Collins
extent to which they are likely to experience either positive or negative emotion ( Carver et al., 2000 ). This can be seen in a similar manner to a coach’s need to understand previous training history and current training load before prescribing physical training to prevent an injury (cf. Gabbett, 2016
