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. , Ashmore , T. , Willerton , K. , Evans , R. , Smith , A. , . . . Clarke , K. ( 2016 ). Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes . Cell Metabolism, 24 ( 2 ), 256 – 268 . PubMed ID: 27475046 doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.010 10.1016/j.cmet.2016

) diet ( Cox & Clarke, 2014 ; Robinson & Williamson, 1980 ). Under all of these circumstances, KBs become a pertinent energy source while glucose is restricted or depleted. Ketosis, or hyperketonaemia, is defined as plasma ketone concentrations that exceed 0.2 mM, according to Robinson and Williamson

and the heart, with greater contribution observed in exogenous ketosis ( Evans et al., 2017 ). Hyperketonemia is defined as a plasma ketone concentration above 0.5 mM ( Robinson & Williamson, 1980 ). β-Hydroxybutyrate (βHB) is the most common circulating ketone body, and exogenous ketones are often

ketone drinks has grown ( Egan & D’Agostino, 2016 ). These drinks rapidly increase blood ketone concentrations to achieve ketosis (blood d -βHB >0.5 mM) without dietary modification ( Stubbs et al., 2017 ). Two classes of exogenous ketone compounds exist: ketone esters and ketone salts (KS). Ketone

% energy from CHO to prevent ketosis while reducing CHO intake to levels below the fuel costs of daily training) and the more restrictive ketogenic LCHF diet (K-LCHF: typically <50 g/day CHO and 75–80% fat; Burke et al., 2018 ). However, studies have shown that as little as 5 days of exposure to HFLC

only following severe dietary carbohydrate restriction, sufficient to promote a state of ketosis. Such a state is unlikely among competitive athletes tapering prior to competition who follow a meal plan with even a moderate carbohydrate content. In light of this, sprint athletes are advised to choose a

and both made an estimated 16  kJ/kg body mass (BM) available for metabolism (total energy intake 1,528 ± 145 kJ). The ketone monoester was provided at a total dose of 590 mg/kg BM based on pilot data showing that this dosing level induces a sustained moderate ketosis (blood BHB of ∼2–3 mmol/L) that

Nutritional ketosis induced through the ingestion of ketogenic supplements can alter physiological responses to exercise ( Evans et al., 2017 ). This practice has also been purported to enhance performance, at least under selected conditions, although the precise mechanistic basis is unclear

perceived exertion per kilometer travelled and a higher perceptual (RPE) and physiological (HR) effort for any given speed. The LCHF diet was associated with a sustained increase in concentrations of blood β HB concentrations above the level considered to signal ketosis (0.5 mM) 2 and within proposed

CHO to avoid sustained ketosis. • Typical intake = 15–20% energy from CHO (<2.5 g −1 ·kg −1 ·day −1 ), 15–20% protein, 60–65% fat in combination with a moderate-endurance training volume (>5 hr/week). • Deprivation of CHO for muscle fuel needs while consuming high amounts of dietary fat causes