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) diet ( Cox & Clarke, 2014 ; Robinson & Williamson, 1980 ). Under all of these circumstances, KBs become a pertinent energy source while glucose is restricted or depleted. Ketosis, or hyperketonaemia, is defined as plasma ketone concentrations that exceed 0.2 mM, according to Robinson and Williamson

and the heart, with greater contribution observed in exogenous ketosis ( Evans et al., 2017 ). Hyperketonemia is defined as a plasma ketone concentration above 0.5 mM ( Robinson & Williamson, 1980 ). β-Hydroxybutyrate (βHB) is the most common circulating ketone body, and exogenous ketones are often

and both made an estimated 16  kJ/kg body mass (BM) available for metabolism (total energy intake 1,528 ± 145 kJ). The ketone monoester was provided at a total dose of 590 mg/kg BM based on pilot data showing that this dosing level induces a sustained moderate ketosis (blood BHB of ∼2–3 mmol/L) that

Nutritional ketosis induced through the ingestion of ketogenic supplements can alter physiological responses to exercise ( Evans et al., 2017 ). This practice has also been purported to enhance performance, at least under selected conditions, although the precise mechanistic basis is unclear

CHO to avoid sustained ketosis. • Typical intake = 15–20% energy from CHO (<2.5 g −1 ·kg −1 ·day −1 ), 15–20% protein, 60–65% fat in combination with a moderate-endurance training volume (>5 hr/week). • Deprivation of CHO for muscle fuel needs while consuming high amounts of dietary fat causes

moderate protein intake (<∼2 g/kg BM) to achieve chronic ketosis requires the elimination of many staple foods from the standard Western diet (e.g., most fruit, starchy vegetables and legumes, cereal products) and restrictions on the serving sizes of others. For example, there are portion limits on meats

>0.5 mM on the morning of the Adaptation trial (range 0.6–2.6 mM) confirming ketosis ( Burke et al., 2021 ). Table 3 Physiological and Environmental Characteristics During the 25 km-Long Walk Protocol at Baseline and Adaptation in Athletes Adhering to the CON, LCHF, and LEA Dietary Intervention

nutritional ketosis on cognitive outcomes in mild to moderate AD and in mild cognitive impairment. While this effect may be attributable in part to correction of hyperinsulinemia, other mechanisms associated with ketosis, such as reduced inflammation and enhanced energy metabolism, also may have contributed

Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), The University of Oxford, Oxford, England Exogenous ketosis achieved through ingestion of the ketone monoester (KME) alters metabolic responses to exercise, but ergogenic effects on performance are equivocal. It may be that blood ketone levels