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response to exercise via increased growth factor/gene expression, increased intracellular water; reduced symptoms of or enhanced recovery from muscle damaging exercise (e.g., DOMS); enhanced recovery from disuse, immobilization, or extreme inactivity such as after injury; improved cognitive processing

times and reducing muscle fatigue limiting postexercise strength losses. 1 After intense exercise, PBMT confines the degree of exercise-induced muscle damage, limiting the need for a large inflammatory process. 2 It also reduces patient-reported muscle soreness, modulates growth factors and myogenic

Injuries There is limited direct research on nutrition to prevent/treat muscle injuries, with most research originating from laboratory-induced muscle damage to study delayed onset muscle soreness ( Owens et al., 2019 ). Although such studies provide insights into potential nutritional strategies, it must

). Prostaglandin is immunosuppressive. Claimed to exert anti-inflammatory effects postexercise. Limited support for blunting inflammation and functional changes after muscle-damaging eccentric exercise in humans and no evidence of reducing URS in athletes ( Jakeman et al., 2017 ; Mickleborough, 2013 ). Vitamin E

. Muscle damage, metabolic responses, inflammation, and associated fatigue resulting from intensified training are considered important drivers of adaptation, although chronic use of short-term recovery activities 2 may blunt these effects. At present, it remains unclear if the long-term application of

-quality PRO (∼0.25–0.3 g PRO·kg −1 ·dose −1 ; Table  2 ) can reduce muscle damage during longer or back-to-back training sessions (∼90–120 min) and preserve muscle mass leading into the competition phase ( Phillips & Van Loon, 2011 ; Thomas et al., 2016 ). While the nutrition plan for jumpers should address

protein may reduce the muscle damage often seen in strength-trained athletes ( Cockburn et al., 2010 ); whether such a response has a functional benefit is unclear. Another potential strategy to attenuate the exercise-induced muscle damage common among sprint athletes involves the ingestion of

cardiovascular system, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and nerve conduction velocity is similar to regular exercise. 8 However, serious side effects have been reported with BFR in healthy populations including venous thrombosis, rhabdomyolysis, and pulmonary emboli. 9 Additional data are needed on the short

/power with middle-distance aerobic/anaerobic bioenergetics demands for combined event Athletes • Optimization of athlete body mass, which varies widely by event, with emphasis on optimal power–weight ratio in some events • Recovery from training that may result in substantial muscle damage and neuromuscular

dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage. White blood cell numbers and function, salivary IgA output, skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response, major histocompatibility complex II expression, and other biomarkers of immune function are altered for several hours, sometimes days, during