countries, this methodology has been used to test for evidence of secular trends 17 – 22 : Behavioral grades have been stable or in slow decline in the past decade or so, while grades for influences on the behaviors have improved, but these secular trend analyses have been limited to a small number of
Search Results
Recent Secular Trends in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Internationally: Analyses of Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0
John J. Reilly, Joel Barnes, Silvia Gonzalez, Wendy Y. Huang, Taru Manyanga, Chiaki Tanaka, and Mark S. Tremblay
Incidence of Shoulder Injury in Elite Wheelchair Athletes Differ Between Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic
Jessica R. Fairbairn and Kellie C. Huxel Bliven
chain, creating a more stable base from which fencing and throwing upper limb movements are generated. Additional research is needed to further investigate the biomechanics of individual sports and the upper-extremity compensations needed to participate in wheelchair athletes. Strength of Recommendation
Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique
Anna K. Melin, Ida A. Heikura, Adam Tenforde, and Margo Mountjoy
weight stable and not excessively low in body mass or body fat levels yet have impaired physiological function secondary to LEA ( Burke et al., 2018c ; Loucks, 2014 ). Table 1 Classification of Energy Availability Levels With Examples of Calculation for a Hypothetical Male and Female Athlete Energy
Effects of Different Conditioning Activities on the Sprint Performance of Elite Sprinters: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Irineu Loturco, Lucas A. Pereira, Túlio B.M.A. Moura, Michael R. McGuigan, and Daniel Boullosa
practices. 8 In this regard, a series of recent survey studies have been conducted with the aim of describing and critically analyzing the training practices adopted by elite sprint coaches. 8 – 10 Additionally, it has been shown that sprint speed is a highly stable physical capacity, exhibiting minimal
Longitudinal Analysis of Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Women From Preconception to Postpartum: The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes Cohort
Anne H.Y. Chu, Natarajan Padmapriya, Shuen Lin Tan, Claire Marie J.L. Goh, Yap-Seng Chong, Lynette P. Shek, Kok Hian Tan, Peter D. Gluckman, Fabian K.P. Yap, Yung Seng Lee, See Ling Loy, Jerry K.Y. Chan, Keith M. Godfrey, Johan G. Eriksson, Shiao-Yng Chan, Jonathan Y. Bernard, and Falk Müller-Riemenschneider
time remained stable during preconception and pregnancy but decreased postpartum. Furthermore, different correlates were linked to PA and sedentary behavior at distinct life stages. Women with higher overall walking time were employed, those with higher overall MVPA were non-Chinese, and those with
Developmental Trends in the Energy Cost of Physical Activities Performed by Youth
Stewart G. Trost, Christopher C. Drovandi, and Karin Pfeiffer
Background:
Published energy cost data for children and adolescents are lacking. The purpose of this study was to measure and describe developmental trends in the energy cost of 12 physical activities commonly performed by youth.
Methods:
A mixed age cohort of 209 participants completed 12 standardized activity trials on 4 occasions over a 3-year period (baseline, 12-months, 24-months, and 36-months) while wearing a portable indirect calorimeter. Bayesian hierarchical regression was used to link growth curves from each age cohort into a single curve describing developmental trends in energy cost from age 6 to 18 years.
Results:
For sedentary and light-intensity household chores, YOUTH METs (METy) remained stable or declined with age. In contrast, METy values associated with brisk walking, running, basketball, and dance increased with age.
Conclusions:
The reported energy costs for specific activities will contribute to efforts to update and expand the youth compendium.
Learning Communities as Continuing Professional Development for Sport Coaches
Rachael Bertram and Wade Gilbert
Continuing professional development (CPD) for sport coaches has been defined as all kinds of professional learning that occurs after initial certification (Nelson et al., 2006), and includes both non-formal and informal learning situations. Despite the fact that within the past decade there has been an increasing number of studies on these learning situations, learning communities as a type of CPD have received little attention. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to share initial observations and lessons learned from creating and implementing sport coach learning communities. In addition, this paper extends the dialogue on learning community implementation and assessment. Our learning community efforts were formulated around five key guidelines: (1) Stable settings dedicated to improving instruction and learning, (2) Job-alike teams, (3) Published protocols that guide but do not prescribe, (4) Trained peer facilitators, and (5) Working on student learning goals until there are tangible gains in student learning.
Protein Needs of Physically Active Children
Re: Golden Horseshoe Pediatric Exercise Group: Proceedings Paper
Kimberly A. Volterman and Stephanie A. Atkinson
Current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for protein for children and youth require revision as they were derived primarily on nitrogen balance data in young children or extrapolated from adult values; did not account for the possible influence of above average physical activity; and did not set an upper tolerable level of intake. Revision of the protein DRIs requires new research that investigates: 1) long-term dose-response to identify protein and essential amino acid requirements of both sexes at various pubertal stages and under differing conditions of physical activity; 2) the acute protein needs (quantity and timing) following a single bout of exercise; 3) the potential adverse effects of chronic high intakes of protein; and 4) new measurement techniques (i.e., IAAO or stable isotope methodologies) to improve accuracy of protein needs. While active individuals may require protein in excess of current DRIs, most active Canadian children and youth have habitual protein intakes that exceed current recommendations.
Growth, Maturation, and Exercise
Jaak Jürimäe
This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) in 193 Polish boys followed longitudinally 8-18 years (1961-1972). Actual APHV was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted APHV was estimated at each observation using chronological age (CA), stature, mass, sitting height and estimated leg length. Mean predicted APHV increased from 8 to 18 years. Actual APHV was underestimated at younger ages and overestimated at older ages. Mean differences between predicted and actual APHV were reasonably stable between 13 and 15 years. Predicted APHV underestimated actual APHV 3 years before, was almost identical with actual age 2 years before, and then overestimated actual age through 3 years after PHV. Predicted APHV did not differ among boys of contrasting maturity status 8-11 years, but diverged among groups 12-15 years. In conclusion, predicted APHV is influenced by CA and by early and late timing of actual PHV. Predicted APHV has applicability among average maturing boys 12-16 years in contrast to late and early maturing boys. Dependence upon age and individual differences in actual APHV limits utility of predicted APHV in research with male youth athletes and in talent programs.
Endocrinology and Pediatric Exercise Science—2016
Alon Eliakim
The Pediatric Exercise Science Year That Was section aims to highlight the most important (to the author’s opinion) manuscripts that were published in 2016 in the field of endocrinology and pediatric exercise science. This year’s selection includes studies showing that 1) Induction of T4 to T3 conversion by type 2 deiodinase following aerobic exercise in skeletal muscles was associated with concomitant increase in peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and mitochondrial oxidative capacity and therefore plays an important mechanistic role in the muscle adaptation to exercise training. 2) Hypothyroidism in fetal and early postnatal life was associated with impaired spatial learning and memory and with reduced hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in male and female rat pups. Forced (treadmill) and voluntary (wheel) exercise alleviated all these biochemical and neuro-cognitive deficits. 3) The relationship between different exercise intensities and carbohydrate requirements to maintain euglycemia at basal insulin levels among adolescent and young adults with Type 1 diabetes are nonlinear but rather inverted- U with no exogenous glucose required to maintain stable glucose level at high-intensity exercise (80%). The implication of these studies to the pediatric population, their importance and the new research avenues that were opened by these studies is emphasized.
