Olympic-distance triathlon comprises a sequential 1.5-km swim, 40-km cycle, and 10-km run. Although the ability to perform the 3 disciplines at a high level is critical for competitive success, 1 , 2 it appears the run section is the main determinant in Olympic-distance triathlon. 2 – 4 The last
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Running Your Best Triathlon Race
Naroa Etxebarria, Jackson Wright, Hamish Jeacocke, Cristian Mesquida, and David B. Pyne
Exercise-Induced Illness and Inflammation: Can Immunonutrition and Iron Help?
Lindy M. Castell, David C. Nieman, Stéphane Bermon, and Peter Peeling
The main focus of this review is illness among elite athletes, how and why it occurs, and whether any measures can be taken to combat it or to prevent its onset. In particular, there is particular interest in exercise-induced immunodepression, which is a result of the immune system regarding exercise (e.g., prolonged, exhaustive exercise) as a challenge to its function. This promotes the inflammatory response. There is often a high incidence of illness in athletes after undertaking strenuous exercise, particularly among those competing in endurance events, not only mainly in terms of upper respiratory tract illness, but also involving gastrointestinal problems. It may well be that this high incidence is largely due to insufficient recovery time being allowed after, for example, a marathon, a triathlon, or other endurance events. Two examples of the incidence of upper respiratory tract illness in moderate versus endurance exercise are provided. In recent years, increasing numbers of research studies have investigated the origins, symptoms, and incidence of these bouts of illness and have attempted to alleviate the symptoms with supplements, sports foods, or immunonutrition. One aspect of the present review discusses iron deficiency, which has been primarily suggested to have an impact upon cell-mediated immunity. Immunonutrition is also discussed, as are new techniques for investigating links between metabolism and immune function.
Quantification of Training and Competition Loads in Endurance Sports: Methods and Applications
Iñigo Mujika
Training quantification is basic to evaluate an endurance athlete’s responses to training loads, ensure adequate stress/recovery balance, and determine the relationship between training and performance. Quantifying both external and internal workload is important, because external workload does not measure the biological stress imposed by the exercise sessions. Generally used quantification methods include retrospective questionnaires, diaries, direct observation, and physiological monitoring, often based on the measurement of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration. Other methods in use in endurance sports include speed measurement and the measurement of power output, made possible by recent technological advances such as power meters in cycling and triathlon. Among subjective methods of quantification, rating of perceived exertion stands out because of its wide use. Concurrent assessments of the various quantification methods allow researchers and practitioners to evaluate stress/recovery balance, adjust individual training programs, and determine the relationships between external load, internal load, and athletes’ performance. This brief review summarizes the most relevant external- and internal-workload-quantification methods in endurance sports and provides practical examples of their implementation to adjust the training programs of elite athletes in accordance with their individualized stress/recovery balance.
Driving Change? Field Containment of Gender Equality Committees in International Sports Governance
Lucie Schoch and Madeleine Pape
). This is in spite of GECs being among the most widely adopted gender equality interventions in international sport ( Henry & Robinson, 2010 ; Matthews & Piggott, 2021 ). In this study, we examine the GECs of World Triathlon and the International Hockey Federation (FIH), which are the peak governing
How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?
Charli Sargent, Michele Lastella, Shona L. Halson, and Gregory D. Roach
total of 175 elite athletes from 12 sports (Australian Rules football, basketball, cricket, kayaking, mountain biking, race walking, road cycling, rugby union, soccer, swimming, track cycling, and triathlon) gave informed consent to participate in the study (Table 1 ). Athletes were volunteers from
Semiautomatic Training Load Determination in Endurance Athletes
Christophe Dausin, Sergio Ruiz-Carmona, Ruben De Bosscher, Kristel Janssens, Lieven Herbots, Hein Heidbuchel, Peter Hespel, Véronique Cornelissen, Rik Willems, André La Gerche, Guido Claessen, and on behalf of the Pro@Heart Consortium*
, Dausin, et al., 2022 ; de Bosscher et al., 2021 ). Pro@Heart is a prospective study in which young male and female endurance athletes (cycling, distance running [≥1,500 m], duathlon, triathlon, rowing, swimming [≥400 m], or cross-country skiing) competing at national or international level are recruited
Moving on in Sport Science
Iñigo Mujika and David B. Pyne
back, as I had already embarked on new exciting projects. Over the past 25 years, I moved on professionally multiple times and for various reasons: as a triathlon coach because some athletes retired, and others decided to look elsewhere; as a sports physiologist because I was offered the opportunity to
“Stepping Up” for Trans Inclusion in Sport
Lindsay Parks Pieper
Federation, World Rowing, and World Triathlon enacted prohibitive testosterone requirements. In the United States, lawmakers have targeted trans athletes in school sport. As of April 2022, U.S. lawmakers in forty-one states introduced over one hundred bills to prohibit trans students from participating in
Abnormal Anatomical Etiology and the Resultant Bilateral Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Jennifer L. Rizzo
success in the reduction of pain. My Case Presentation Throughout my life, I have been an overhead athlete, playing over a decade of competitive volleyball. When my college career ended, I started training for triathlons. My symptoms related to TOS began when I was 32 years old, working as an AT and
The Fitness–Fatigue Model: What’s in the Numbers?
Kobe Vermeire, Michael Ghijs, Jan G. Bourgois, and Jan Boone
–fatigue model has been used in order to relate TL to changes in performance in different sports such as swimming, 3 – 5 cycling, 6 – 8 running, 9 , 10 and triathlon. 11 In these studies, a good to excellent model fit has often been found, suggesting that the model is able to relate TL with performance in an
