The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of different types of ankle sprains on the response latency of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis to an inversion perturbation, as well as the time to complete the perturbation (time to maximum inversion). To create a forced inversion moment of the ankle, an outer sole with fulcrum was used to cause 25 degrees of inversion at the ankle upon landing from a 27 cm step-down task. Forty participants completed the study: 15 participants had no history of any ankle sprain, 15 participants had a history of a lateral ankle sprain, and 10 participants had a history of a high ankle sprain. There was not a significant difference between the injury groups for the latency measurements or the time to maximum inversion. These findings indicate that a previous lateral ankle sprain or high ankle sprain does not affect the latency of the peroneal muscles or the time to complete the inversion range of motion.
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Effects of Inversion Perturbation After Step-Down on the Latency of the Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis
Adam C. Knight and Wendi H. Weimar
Difference in Response Latency of the Peroneus Longus Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs
Adam C. Knight and Wendi H. Weimar
Context:
The latency of the peroneus longus in response to an inversion perturbation is a key component in the prevention of lateral ankle sprains. In addition, the dominant ankle is sprained more frequently than the nondominant ankle, but the cause of this has not been examined.
Objective:
To investigate the combination of these 2 research-supported statements, the purpose of this study was to use an inversion perturbation that replicates the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain to determine whether there is a difference in the latency of the peroneus longus between the dominant and nondominant legs.
Design:
Repeated-measures single-group design.
Setting:
University laboratory.
Participants:
15 physically active healthy volunteers with no previous history of an ankle sprain or lower extremity surgery or fracture.
Interventions:
Outer sole with fulcrum was used to cause 25° of inversion at the subtalar joint on landing from a 27-cm step-down task. Participants performed 10 trials on both the dominant and nondominant leg.
Main Outcome Measures:
2 latency measures of the peroneus longus of both the dominant and nondominant leg, calculated as the amount of time from the moment of touchdown of the fulcrum until muscle activity exceeded 5 and 10 SD above baseline muscle activity.
Results:
The latency of the peroneus longus of the nondominant leg was significantly shorter when using both 5 SD (F 1,14 = 9.34, P = .009, d = .895) and 10 SD (F 1,14 = 18.56, P = .001, d = .920) above baseline muscle activity.
Conclusions:
This difference in latency may be a result of the different demands placed on the dominant and nondominant legs during activity and may predispose the dominant ankle to a greater number of ankle sprains than the nondominant ankle.
Difference in Ratio of Evertor to Invertor Activity Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs During Simulated Lateral Ankle Sprain
Adam C. Knight and Wendi H. Weimar
Context:
The dominant and nondominant legs respond asymmetrically during landing tasks, and this difference may occur during an inversion perturbation and provide insight into the role of ankle-evertor and -invertor muscle activity.
Objective:
To determine if there is a difference in the ratio of evertor to invertor activity between the dominant and nondominant legs and outer-sole conditions when the ankle is forced into inversion.
Design:
Repeated-measures single-group design.
Setting:
University laboratory.
Participants:
15 physically active healthy volunteers with no previous history of an ankle sprain or lower extremity surgery or fracture.
Interventions:
An outer sole with fulcrum was used to cause 25° of inversion at the subtalar joint after landing from a 27-cm step-down task. Participants performed 10 fulcrum trials on both the dominant and nondominant leg.
Main Outcome Measures:
The ratio of evertor to invertor muscle activity 200 ms before and 200 ms after the inversion perturbation was measured using electromyography. This ratio was the dependent variable. Independent variables included outer-sole condition (fulcrum, flat), leg (dominant, nondominant), and time (prelanding, postlanding). The data were analyzed with separate 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA, 1 for the prelanding ratios and 1 for the postlanding ratios.
Results:
For the postlanding ratios, the fulcrum outer sole had a significantly greater (P < .05) ratio than the flat outer sole, and the nondominant leg had a significantly greater (P < .05) ratio than the dominant leg.
Conclusions:
These results indicate that a greater evertor response is produced when the ankle is forced into inversion, and a greater response is produced for the nondominant leg, which may function better during a postural-stabilizing task than the dominant leg.
Closed-Loop Reflex Responses of the Lateral Ankle Musculature From Various Thresholds During a Lateral Ankle Sprain Perturbation
Jeffrey D. Simpson, Ludmila Cosio Lima, Youngil Lee, Harish Chander, and Adam C. Knight
Context: Latency is a reliable temporal metric used to evaluate sensorimotor integration of the fibularis longus (FL) and fibularis brevis (FB) during lateral ankle sprain perturbations. Currently, no clinical recommendations exist to select appropriate thresholds to evaluate the closed-loop reflex response of the lateral ankle musculature. The purpose of this study was to assess threshold value on latency of the FL and FB during an unanticipated inversion perturbation that simulates the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Twenty healthy adults with no history of lateral ankle sprain injury completed an unanticipated single-leg drop landing onto a 25° laterally inclined force platform from a height of 30 cm. Surface electromyography recorded muscle activity data from the FL and FB during the inversion perturbation. Latency was identified at points where muscle activity exceeded 2, 5, and 10 SD above the average muscle activity 200 milliseconds prior to foot contact, and compared across threshold value using a 1-way analysis of variance (P < .05). Results: The 2 SD threshold was significantly shorter than both 5 SD and 10 SD thresholds for the FL (P < .01) and FB (P < .01). Likewise, the 5 SD threshold was significantly shorter than the 10 SD thresholds for FL (P = .004) and FB (P = .003). Conclusions: More sensitive thresholds results in a shorter closed-loop reflexive response compared to the more rigorous thresholds. We recommend that selection of the appropriate threshold to identify latency of the lateral ankle musculature should be based on the device used to simulate a lateral ankle sprain and the ankle inversion velocity produced during the ankle inversion perturbation.
Effects of Weighted Vest Loading During Daily Living Activities on Countermovement Jump and Sprint Performance
Jeffrey D. Simpson, Ludmila Cosio-Lima, Eric M. Scudamore, Eric K. O’Neal, Ethan M. Stewart, Brandon L. Miller, Harish Chander, and Adam C. Knight
Purpose: Wearing a weighted vest (WV) during daily living and training can enhance jump and sprint performance; however, studies examining the efficacy of this method in female populations is limited. This study examined the effect of wearing a WV during daily living and training on countermovement jump (CMJ), change-of-direction, and sprint performance. Methods: Trained females were separated into intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 10) groups. The intervention group wore WVs of ∼8% body mass 4 days per week for 8 hours per day (32 h/wk total), and 3 training sessions per week for the first 3 weeks. Subsequently, 3 weeks of regular training without WV stimulus was completed. The control group received no intervention and continued normal training for 6 weeks. Average and best performance was assessed on the single CMJ, four continuous CMJ, t-test change-of-direction drill, and a 25-m sprint at baseline, week 3, and week 6. Results: No significant interactions or group effects were found. However, significant time main effects revealed increases in average rate of force development during the CMJ from baseline to week 3 (P = .048) and week 6 (P = .013), whereas peak vertical ground reaction force increased during the four continuous CMJ from baseline to week 3 (P = .048) and week 6 (P = .025) for both groups. Conclusions: The lower relative WV load used in this study failed to elicit significant improvements in jump and sprint performance in comparison with routine training, or that which have been found in past investigations with elite male athletes completing high-intensity performance tasks with greater WV loads.
Lower-Extremity Kinematics During Ankle Inversion Perturbations: A Novel Experimental Protocol That Simulates an Unexpected Lateral Ankle Sprain Mechanism
Jeffrey D. Simpson, Ethan M. Stewart, Anastasia M. Mosby, David M. Macias, Harish Chander, and Adam C. Knight
Context: Lateral ankle sprains are a common injury in which the mechanics of injury have been extensively studied. However, the anticipatory mechanisms to ankle inversion perturbations are not well understood. Objective: To examine lower-extremity kinematics, including spatial and temporal variables of maximum inversion displacement and maximum inversion velocity, during landings on a tilted surface using a new experimental protocol to replicate a lateral ankle sprain. Setting: Three-dimensional motion analysis laboratory. Participants: A total of 23 healthy adults. Interventions: Participants completed unexpected (UE) and expected (EXP) unilateral landings onto a tilted surface rotated 25° in the frontal plane from a height of 30 cm. Main Outcome Measures: Ankle, knee, and hip kinematics at each discrete time point from 150 ms pre-initial contact (IC) to 150 ms post-IC, in addition to maximum ankle inversion and maximum inversion velocity, were compared between UE and EXP landings. Results: The UE landing produced significantly greater maximum inversion displacement (P < .01) and maximum inversion velocity (P = .02) than the EXP landing. Significantly less ankle inversion and internal rotation were found during pre-IC, whereas during post-IC, significantly greater ankle inversion, ankle internal rotation, knee flexion, and knee abduction were observed for the UE landing (P < .05). In addition, significantly less hip flexion and hip adduction were observed for the UE landing during pre-IC and post-IC (P < .05). Conclusions: Differences in the UE and EXP landings indicate the experimental protocol presented a UE inversion perturbation that approximates the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain. Furthermore, knowledge of the inversion perturbation elicited a hip-dominant strategy, which may be utilized to assist with ankle joint stabilization during landing to further protect the lateral ankle from injury.
