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The Efficacy of Mood State Profiling with Elite Performers: A Review and Synthesis

Peter Terry

Research into the relationship between mood profiles and athletic performance has produced equivocal results. It appears that athletic populations tend to show more positive mood profiles than the general population, but that mood profiles are ineffective in differentiating between athletes of varying achievement levels. POMS appears to have greater discriminatory power among homogeneous ability groups in terms of differentiating between successful and unsuccessful performances. In this paper, a number of conditions that increase the predictive capability of preperformance mood profiling are proposed. In addition, measurement issues, factors influencing crosssectional and intraindividual comparisons, and proposed uses of mood profiling among elite performers are discussed. It is concluded that further research is required to fully understand how intraindividual mood fluctuations influence athletic performance, and to understand the impact of preperformance and intraperformance mood trends upon performance.

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Decision Style Choices of University Basketball Coaches and Players

Pàckianathan. Chelldurai, Terry R. Haggerty, and Peter R. Baxter

Ninety-nine male and female players and 22 coaches of university basketball teams expressed their choice of one of five decision styles in each of 32 decision situations (cases). The cases were defined by two levels of each of five problem attributes (quality requirement, coach's information, problem complexity, acceptance requirement, and team integration). The results showed that male and female players differed in their preference for a decision style in only one of the 32 cases whereas the coaches' preferred decision style differed from both the male and female players' in 8 cases. Overall, the coaches chose more autocratic styles than the players; however, even the players tended to be more oriented toward autocratic decision making than toward participative decision making. The situational differences explained three times as much variance as did individual differences, and the effects of the problem attributes tended to be similar in all three groups.

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Tai Chi Enhances Self-Efficacy and Exercise Behavior in Older Adults

Fuzhong Li, Edward McAuley, Peter Harmer, Terry E. Duncan, and Nigel R. Chaumeton

The article describes a randomized, controlled trial conducted to examine the effects of a Tai Chi intervention program on perceptions of personal efficacy and exercise behavior in older adults. The sample comprised 94 low-active, healthy participants (mean age = 72.8 years. SD = 5.1) randomly assigned to either an experimental (Tai Chi) group or a wait-list control group. The study length was 6 months, with self-efficacy responses (barrier, performance efficacies) assessed at baseline, at Week 12, and at termination (Week 24) of the study. Exercise attendance was recorded as an outcome measure of exercise behavior. Random-effects models revealed that participants in the experimental group experienced significant improvements in self-efficacy over the course of the intervention. Subsequent repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that participants’ changes in efficacy were associated with higher levels of program attendance. The findings suggest that self-efficacy can be enhanced through Tai Chi and that the changes in self-efficacy are likely to improve exercise adherence.

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Development of a Test to Assess the Attitudes of Older Adults Toward Physical Activity and Exercise

Peter C. Terry, Stuart J.H. Biddle, Nikolaos Chatzisarantis, and Robert D. Bell

The development of the Older Persons’ Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Exercise Questionnaire (OPAPAEQ) is reported. Working from first principles in psychometric test construction, the OPAPAEQ was developed and tested with 471 Canadians aged over 50 years. Through exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability analyses, four subscales were identified and labeled: Tension Release, Health Promotion, Vigorous Exercise, and Social Benefits. The four-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Small gender differences were noted on two factors, but no age differences were located. The OPAPAEQ is a tool suitable for further analysis of an age group identified as increasingly important in exercise and health promotion.

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Resting IL-6 and TNF-α Level in Children of Different Weight and Fitness Status

Peter A. Hosick, Robert G. McMurray, A.C. Hackney, Claudio L. Battaglini, Terry P. Combs, and Joanne S. Harrell

Reports suggest children with high aerobic fitness (VO2max; mL/kg/min) have healthier profiles of TNF-α and IL-6; however, research has not accounted for differences in adiposity between high-fit and low-fit individuals. Thus, this study examined differences in inflammatory markers of obese and normal weight children of different fitness levels, using two different VO2max units: per unit of fat free mass (VO2FFM) or total body mass (VO2kg). Children (n = 124; ages 8–12) were divided into four matched groups; normal weight high-fit (NH), normal weight low-fit (NL), obese high-fit (OH), and obese low-fit (OL). Height, weight, skinfolds, body mass index (BMI), and predicted VO2max were measured and a morning, fasting blood sample taken. IL-6 was elevated in the NL and OL groups compared with the NH group, as well as the OL group compared with the OH group. No differences were found in TNF-α. The relationship between IL-6 or TNF-α and the two units of predicted VO2max did not differ suggesting that either VO2FFM or VO2kg can be used to describe aerobic power when studying inflammation and exercise in youth. The relationship between IL-6 or TNF-α and predicted VO2max, whether expressed per mass or per fat-free mass was similar, suggesting that both can be used to describe aerobic power when studying inflammation and exercise in youth. Given the polar design of this study, this relationship should be confirmed including overweight subjects.