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  • Author: R. Curtis Bay x
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Healthy Youth Are Reliable in Reporting Symptoms on a Graded Symptom Scale

Brandy J. Mailer, Tamara C. Valovich McLeod and R. Curtis Bay

Context:

Clinicians often rely on the self-report symptoms of patients in making clinical decisions; hence it is important that these scales be reliable.

Objective:

To determine the test-retest reliability of healthy youth in completing a graded symptom scale (GSS), modified from the Head Injury Scale Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale (HIS).

Design:

Repeated-measures.

Setting:

Middle school classroom.

Patients or Other Participants:

126 middle school students.

Intervention:

A survey consisting of a demographic and life events questionnaire and a GSS asking about symptom severity and duration.

Main Outcomes Measures:

Score for each symptom on the severity and duration scale and a total symptom score (TSS) and the total number of symptoms endorsed (TSE) from the severity scale. Responses on a life events questionnaire were also recorded.

Results:

We found excellent reliability for TSS (ICC = .93) and TSE (ICC = .88) for the severity scale. We found moderate to excellent reliability on the individual symptoms of both the severity (ICC = .65-.89) and duration (ICC =.56-.96) scales.

Conclusions:

Healthy youth can reliably self-report symptoms using a GSS. This patient-oriented outcome measure should be incorporated into more investigations in this age group.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 17 (2008): Issue 1 (Jan 2008)

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Measurement Properties of Headache-Specific Outcomes Scales in Adolescent Athletes

Sarah K. Piebes, Alison R. Snyder, R. Curtis Bay and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod

Context:

Recurrent headaches significantly affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults; the impact of headache on HRQOL among adolescents is unknown, and the psychometric properties of headache-specific outcomes instruments have not been adequately studied in this population.

Objective:

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS) in healthy adolescent athletes.

Design:

Descriptive survey.

Setting:

High school athletic training facilities during the fall sports season.

Participants:

177 high school athletes (89 males and 88 females).

Interventions:

A survey consisting of a demographic and concussion-history questionnaire, a graded symptom scale, the HIT-6, and the PedMIDAS. Internal consistency (α), test–retest reliability (r s), Bland-Altman analyses, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate psychometric properties and age and gender differences.

Main Outcome Measures:

The HIT-6 and PedMIDAS item and total scores.

Results:

Test–retest reliability for the HIT-6 total score was r s = .72, and reliability of individual items ranged from r s = .52 to .67. The test–retest reliability for the PedMIDAS total score was r s = .61, and reliability of individual items ranged from r s = .23 to .62. Both scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency: HIT-6 α = .89−.90 and PedMIDAS α = .71−.75.

Conclusions:

The authors found moderate test–retest reliability for the HIT-6 and the PedMIDAS in a healthy adolescent athlete population. Research on the applicability and utility of the HIT-6 and PedMIDAS in concussed adolescents is warranted.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 20 (2011): Issue 1 (Jan 2011)

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The Influence of High-Voltage Electrical Stimulation on Edema Formation After Acute Injury: A Systematic Review

Alison R. Snyder, April L. Perotti, Kenneth C. Lam and R. Curtis Bay

Context:

Electrical stimulation is often used to control edema formation after acute injury. However, it is unknown whether its theoretical benefits translate to benefits in clinical practice.

Objectives:

To systematically review the basic-science literature regarding the effects of high-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS) for edema control.

Evidence Acquisition:

CINAHL (1982 to February 2010), PubMed (1966 to February 2010), Medline (1966 to February 2010), and SPORTDiscus (1980 to February 2010) databases were searched for relevant studies using the following keywords: edema, electrical stimulation, high-volt electrical stimulation, and combinations of these terms. Reference sections of relevant studies were hand-searched. Included studies investigated HVPS and its effect on acute edema formation and included outcome measures specific to edema. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality and level of evidence were assessed for each included study. Effect sizes were calculated for primary edema outcomes.

Evidence Synthesis:

Studies were critiqued by electrical stimulation treatment parameters: mode of stimulation, polarity, frequency, duration of treatment, voltage, intensity, number of treatments, and overall time of treatments. The available evidence indicates that HVPS administered using negative polarity, pulse frequency of 120 pulses/s, and intensity of 90% visual motor contraction may be effective at curbing edema formation. In addition, the evidence suggests that treatment should be administered in either four 30-min treatment sessions (30-min treatment, 30-min rest cycle for 4 h) or a single, continuous180-min session to achieve the edemasuppressing effects.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that the basic-science literature provides a general list of treatment parameters that have been shown to successfully manage the formation of edema after acute injury in animal subjects. These treatment parameters may facilitate future research related to the effects of HVPS on edema formation in humans and guide practical clinical use.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 19 (2010): Issue 4 (Jan 2010)

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Upper Extremity Injury History, Current Pain Rating, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Female Softball Pitchers

Eric L. Sauers, Danelle L. Dykstra, R. Curtis Bay, Kellie Huxel Bliven and Alison R. Snyder

Context:

Throwing-related arm injuries are common in softball pitchers and may lead to diminished health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Arm symptoms such as pain have been reported to be more common in healthy overhead athletes than nonoverhead athletes. Furthermore, more frequent shoulder symptoms and lower shoulder function have been demonstrated in athletes with self-reported history of shoulder injury.

Objective:

To evaluate the relationship between arm injury history, current pain rating, and HRQOL assessed via 2 region-specific patient self-report scales in high school and college softball pitchers.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

High school and college athletic training facilities.

Participants:

25 female softball pitchers (10 high school, 15 college; 18 ± 2 y, 169 ± 7.6 cm, 67.5 ± 10.3 kg).

Intervention:

Self-reported arm injury history and rating of current pain and HRQOL were collected during the late season.

Main Outcome Measures:

A self-report questionnaire of arm injury history and current pain rating was used, and HRQOL was assessed via 2 region-specific scales: the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers© (FAST©). Correlational analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between arm injury history, current pain rating, and the DASH total score and sport module and the FAST total score, pitching module, and subscales.

Results:

A history of arm injury from throwing was reported by 64% of participants, 31% of whom had to cease activity for more than 10 d. The most common site of arm time-loss injury was the shoulder (81%). Mild to severe shoulder pain during the competitive season was reported by 60% of respondents. The DASH and the FAST total scores were significantly correlated (r = .79, P < .001). Respondent rating of shoulder pain correlated significantly with the DASH total (r = .69) and sports module (r = .69) and the FAST total (r = .71), pitching module (r = .65), and pain (r = .73), impairment (r = .76), functional-limitation (r = .79), disability (r = .52), and societal-limitations (r = .46) subscales.

Conclusion:

History of arm injury is common in female high school and college softball pitchers. Severe injury and elevated pain are associated with lower HRQOL that extends beyond the playing field.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 20 (2011): Issue 1 (Jan 2011)

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Clinical Breathing Mechanics Differ Based on Test and Position

Hannah Horris, Barton E. Anderson, R. Curtis Bay and Kellie C. Huxel Bliven

Context: Altered diaphragm function is linked to decreased core stabilization, postural changes, and decreased function. Two clinical tests used to assess breathing are the Hi-lo and lateral rib expansion (LRE) tests. It is currently unknown how breathing classification based on these tests differ and how their results are affected by varying test positions. Objective: To compare the results of breathing tests when conducted in varying test positions. Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: A total of 50 healthy adults (females 31 and males 29; age 29.3 [4.1] y; height 170.0 [10.4] cm; weight70.7 [15.1] kg). Intervention(s): Hi-lo and LRE tests in supine, seated, standing, and half-kneeling body positions. All tests were recorded and later scored by a single examiner. A generalized estimating equations approach with breathing test and body position as factors was used for analysis. Pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple tests. Statistical significance was set at P = .05, 2 tailed. Main Outcome Measures: Hi-lo and LRE tests were scored based on the presence or absence of abdominal excursion, LRE, and superior rib cage migration. Following scoring, results were classified as functional or dysfunctional based on observation of these criteria. Results: A significant breathing test × test position interaction (P < .01) was noted, as well as main effects for test (P < .01) and test position (P < .01). All Hi-lo test positions identified significantly more dysfunctional breathers in positions of increased stability demand (P < .01), except between standing and half-kneeling positions (P = .52). In the LRE test, all positions were similar (P > .99) except for half-kneeling, which was significantly different from all other positions (P < .01). Conclusions: The Hi-lo test and LRE tests assess different breathing mechanics. Clinicians should use these tests in combination to gain a comprehensive understanding of a person’s breathing pattern. The Hi-lo test should be administered in multiple testing positions.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 28 (2019): Issue 6 (Aug 2019)

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The Relationship Between Postinjury Symptomatology and Days Postinjury for the Graded Symptom Scale in Concussed Adolescent Athletes

Richelle M. Williams, R. Curtis Bay and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod

Concussion symptoms are important self-reported indicators of recovery. The purpose of this study was to describe the symptom burden in the first 3 weeks postconcussion and estimate the strength of relationship between symptomatology and days postconcussion. Headache was the most commonly endorsed symptom during weeks 1 (71.1%), 2 (37.6%), and 3 (32.6%). Severity scores were negatively correlated with days postconcussion, p < .01. While headache is commonly reported following a concussion, and decreases with time, it was still endorsed 3 weeks postinjury. Clinicians should be aware that lingering symptoms may suggest a prolonged recovery that requires an active treatment approach.

Cover International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training

In International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training Volume 24 (2019): Issue 1 (Jan 2019)

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Health-Related Quality of Life Differs Between Adolescent Athletes and Adolescent Nonathletes

Alison R. Snyder, Jessica C. Martinez, R. Curtis Bay, John T. Parsons, Eric L. Sauers and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod

Context:

Patient-oriented outcome measures such as the Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36) and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) are important tools for determining the impact of events like sport-related injury on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Unfortunately, there are no published studies using these instruments that compare adolescent athletes with their nonathlete peers, making interpretations of these measures in this population difficult.

Objective:

To compare HRQoL in adolescent athletes and nonathletes using 2 common instruments.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

7 high schools.

Participants:

219 athletes and 106 nonathletes.

Intervention:

None.

Main Outcome Measures:

The SF-36 and the PODCI were completed in a counterbalanced manner during 1 session. Dependent variables included the 8 subscale and 2 composite scores of the SF-36 and the 5 subscale scores and 1 global score of the PODCI.

Results:

On the SF-36, athletes reported higher scores on the physical function, general health, social functioning, and mental health subscales and the mental composite score and lower scores on the bodily pain subscale than nonathletes. On the PODCI, athletes reported higher scores on the sport and physical function and happiness subscales and lower scores on the pain/comfort subscale.

Conclusions:

Athletes reported higher scores on a number of SF-36 and PODCI subscales related to mental, emotional, and physical well-being than nonathletes. Our findings suggest that athletic involvement may be a benefit to the overall health status of adolescents and imply that athletes may be a distinct adolescent group requiring their own normative values when using the SF-36 and PODCI.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 19 (2010): Issue 3 (Jan 2010)

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Reliability of the Sway Balance Mobile Application: A Retrospective Analysis

Kristina L. Dunn, R. Curtis Bay, Javier F. Cárdenas, Matthew Anastasi, Tamara C. Valovich McLeod and Richelle M. Williams

Postural control deficits are a key component to injury assessment and, more specifically, following concussion. However, these assessments are often administered in a serial manner to track deficits and recovery, thus the stability or test-retest reliability of these measures is important. With the advent of mobile applications to assess postural control, it is important to evaluate the reliability of these tools; therefore our purpose was to estimate reliability for the Sway Balance™ mobile application, a portable device for postural control assessment. Postural control assessment of males between ages 7–22 showed good-to-excellent reliability in the overall composite score of the Sway Balance™. Sway Balance™ is a reliable tool for measuring postural control.

Cover International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training

In International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training Volume 23 (2018): Issue 2 (Jan 2018)