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; 30 ( 5 ): 1287 – 1294 . PubMed ID: 27100167 27100167 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a9536f 30. Gabbett TJ . GPS analysis of elite women’s field hockey training and competition . J Strength Cond Res . 2010 ; 24 ( 5 ): 1321 – 1324 . PubMed ID: 20386482 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ceebbb 10.1519/JSC.0b013e

segmental forces, 8 but these methods offer limited ecological validity. Contemporary means of quantifying lumbar spine loading is provided by applications in global positioning system (GPS) technology, which enable measurement in the clinical or sporting context. Typical GPS analysis metrics include

. GPS analysis of elite women’s field hockey training and competition . J Strength Cond Res . 2010 ; 24 ( 5 ): 1321 – 1324 . PubMed ID: 20386482 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ceebbb 20386482 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ceebbb 4. Osgnach C , Poser S , Bernardini R , Rinaldo R , di Prampero PE

-sprint activity . J Sports Sci . 2004 ; 22 ( 9 ): 843 – 850 . PubMed ID: 15513278 doi:10.1080/02640410410001716715 15513278 10.1080/02640410410001716715 5. Jennings D , Cormack SJ , Coutts AJ , Aughey RJ . GPS analysis of an international field hockey tournament . Int J Sports Physiol Perform

scenario . J Sci Med Sport . 2005 ; 8 ( 4 ): 382 – 391 . PubMed ID: 16602166 doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(05)80053-2 16602166 10.1016/S1440-2440(05)80053-2 9. Jennings D , Cormack SJ , Coutts AJ , Aughey RJ . GPS analysis of an international field hockey tournament . Int J Sports Physiol Perform

although the specific use of CI will be discussed later in this review. Separately, an example of accounting for individual characteristics of external training loads through GPS analysis, is the use of individualized speed thresholds. Individualized thresholds consider athletes’ speed capacities (rather