stationary arm with the proximal limb, and the movement arm with the distal limb. Ankle plantar flexion is measured with the fulcrum centered over the lateral malleolus, stationary arm aligned with the fibula, and movement arm aligned with the fifth metatarsal. 1 – 3 Inclinometry, an alternative to
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Validity of a Smartphone Application for Measuring Ankle Plantar Flexion
Robert W. Cox, Rodrigo E. Martinez, Russell T. Baker, and Lindsay Warren
Development of a Full Flexion 3D Musculoskeletal Model of the Knee Considering Intersegmental Contact During High Knee Flexion Movements
David C. Kingston and Stacey M. Acker
There is no current 3D musculoskeletal (MSK) model of the knee that can incorporate the effects of intersegmental contact during high knee flexion postures. Intersegmental contact is a critical parameter when modeling high knee flexion movements (knee flexion exceeding 120° 1 , 2 ) as its omission
Portable, One-Dimensional, Trunk-Flexor Muscle Strength Measurement System
Jefferson Fagundes Loss, Edgar Santiago Wagner Neto, Tatiane Borsoi de Siqueira, Aline Dill Winck, Laura Silveira de Moura, and Luiz Carlos Gertz
Trunk-flexor muscle strength plays a fundamental role in athletic performance, 1 – 3 health of children and adolescents, 4 , 5 posture, and rehabilitation. It is also vital for core stability 6 , 7 and situations such as urinary incontinence and athletes’ rehabilitation. 8 Therefore, accurate
Nonuniform Deformation of the Patellar Tendon During Passive Knee Flexion
Laura C. Slane, Stijn Bogaerts, Darryl G. Thelen, and Lennart Scheys
passive knee flexion, 27 , 28 and typically treat the patellar tendon as uniform and inextensible, assumptions which could lead to significant inaccuracies. 29 Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate patellar tendon motion during passive knee flexion to observe whether nonuniformity in
The Determination of Finger-Flexor Critical Force in Rock Climbers
David Giles, Joel B. Chidley, Nicola Taylor, Ollie Torr, Josh Hadley, Tom Randall, and Simon Fryer
Rock climbing requires repeated isometric contractions of the finger flexors, which are responsible for flexion of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. 1 These contractions cause regular periods of ischemia in the forearms; the extent of this ischemia and the subsequent recovery
Bending the Elbow During Shoulder Flexion Facilitates Greater Scapular Upward Rotation and a More Favorable Scapular Muscle Activation Pattern
Alon Rabin, Brakha R. Tabi, Timothy L. Uhl, and Zvi Kozol
increased scapulothoracic movement with an associated increased activation of the scapular upward rotators. Bending the elbow during shoulder flexion is one way of restricting glenohumeral motion presumably due to passive insufficiency of the triceps brachii. 15 Furthermore, the attachment of the long head
Exposure to Sustained Flexion Impacts Lumbar Extensor Spinae Muscle Fiber Orientation
Brendan L. Pinto, Daniel Viggiani, and Jack P. Callaghan
. 1 , 5 This oblique orientation decreases with spine flexion, reducing the ability of the LES to counteract anterior shear forces in the lumbar spine. 6 – 8 Conversely, increasing muscle activity has been evidenced to increase fiber obliquity in a neutral posture. 8 LES fiber orientation can also
Comparison of Trunk Flexion Proprioception Between Healthy Athletes and Athletes With Patellofemoral Pain
Reza Heydari Armaki, Keramatollah Abbasnia, and Alireza Motealleh
, squatting, jumping, running, and prolonged sitting with flexed knees. 1 , 2 This is one of the most common sport overuse injuries, and it accounts for about 25% of all injuries in athletes treated in sport-related clinics. 3 – 5 PFP is very common among basketball and volleyball players and in athletes
The Influence of Isokinetic Trunk Flexor and Extensor Strength on Dynamic Balance in Children
Steven James Eustace, Maximilian Wdowski, Jason Tallis, and Michael Duncan
suggested that impaired muscular strength of the trunk relates to poor balance and increased risk of falling ( Jain et al., 2021 ). Numerous studies have also quantified isokinetic concentric peak torques of the trunk flexors and extensors in children and early adolescents ( Barczyk-Pawelec et al., 2015
Association Between Toe Flexor Strength and Activity Levels in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Women
Mieko Yokozuka, Chie Miki, Makoto Suzuki, and Rieko Katsura
The foot is the primary body part in contact with the ground and supports the body during walking and standing. As observed on measuring the electromyographic activity of the foot flexor muscles that are in contact with the ground, the intrinsic muscles are active from midstance to toe-off ( Mann
