al., 2015 ) endurance athletes and is emerging as one of the most significant factors associated with athlete illness/injury ( Tenforde et al., 2017 ). Original recognition of this syndrome in females, the Female Athlete Triad (Triad), identified the interrelatedness of low EA, menstrual dysfunction, and
Search Results
Low Energy Availability Is Difficult to Assess but Outcomes Have Large Impact on Bone Injury Rates in Elite Distance Athletes
Ida A. Heikura, Arja L.T. Uusitalo, Trent Stellingwerff, Dan Bergland, Antti A. Mero, and Louise M. Burke
A Collective Case Study of Parent–Athlete–Coach Triads in British Youth Tennis
Ella F. Tagliavini, Chris G. Harwood, Sophia Jowett, and Sam N. Thrower
operate within the context of a PAC triad. Coaches’ perceptions of parenting are often defined by the interactions parents have with their child (e.g., emphasizing developmentally appropriate goals; Gould et al., 2016 ), while parents place importance on the quality of coaching provided to their child
Does Supplemental Estrogen Improve Bone-Related Symptoms of Female Athlete Triad in Female Athletes? A Critically Appraised Topic
Elizabeth Hollenczer, Angelica Esposito, and Erin M. Moore
Clinical Scenario Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is defined as interconnected symptoms including low energy availability with or without an eating disorder, menstrual dysfunction ranging from oligomenorrhea to amenorrhea, and compromised bone mineral density (BMD). 1 , 2 This syndrome is
Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Perspective Interview With Professor Barbara Drinkwater
Susan Carter
president of the American College of Sports Medicine in 1988. Barbara was a forerunner in the field of female athlete triad (Triad)/relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Beyond this, Barbara was also vocal in the arena of women in sport, including increased opportunity and participation, total
Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool
Bryan Holtzman, Adam S. Tenforde, Allyson L. Parziale, and Kathryn E. Ackerman
Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are two similar syndromes underpinned by low energy availability (LEA) that can have negative health consequences in athletes ( De Souza et al., 2014 ; Mountjoy et al., 2014 ). Triad was originally described in 1993
The Female Athlete Triad: Is the Triad a Problem Among Division I Female Athletes?
Justine J. Reel, Sonya SooHoo, Holly Doetsch, Jennifer E. Carter, and Trent A. Petrie
The purpose of the study was to determine prevalence rates of the female athlete triad (Triad), differences by sport category (aesthetic, endurance, and team/anaerobic), and the relationship between each of the components of the Triad. Female athletes (N= 451) from three Division I universities with an average age of 20 years completed the Menstrual History Questionnaire, Injury Assessment Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD; Mintz, O’Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997). Almost 7% of female athletes reported clinical eating disorders, and 19.2% reported subclinical disordered eating. Disordered eating was prevalent in all three sport categories with no significant differences between groups. Muscle injuries were more prevalent in team/anaerobic sports (77.4%) than the aesthetic (68.1%) and endurance groups (58.1%). Furthermore, those athletes with menstrual dysfunction more frequently reported clinical eating disorders (1.4%) and sustained more skeletal injuries (51%) during their athletic career than athletes with regular menstrual function. Clinical implications and further research directions are addressed.
Developing the Triad of Knowledge in Coaching: Think Aloud as a Reflective Tool Within a Category 1 Football Academy
Laura Swettenham and Amy E. Whitehead
been referred to within the teaching literature as the triad of knowledge to promote professional expertise ( Collinson, 1996 ). More recently, the triad of knowledge has been adopted within coaching ( Côté & Gilbert, 2009 ) and was identified as the first component necessary for developing coaching
Disorders of the Female Athlete Triad among Collegiate Athletes
Katherine A. Beals and Melinda M. Manore
This study examined the prevalence of and relationship between the disorders of the female athlete triad in collegiate athletes participating in aesthetic, endurance, or team/anaerobic sports. Participants were 425 female collegiate athletes from 7 universities across the United States. Disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injuries were assessed by a health/medical, dieting and menstrual history questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and the Eating Disorder Inventory Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (EDI-BD). The percentage of athletes reporting a clinical diagnosis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa was 3.3% and 2.3%, respectively; mean (±SD) EAT and EDI-BD scores were 10.6 ± 9.6 and 9.8 ± 7.6, respectively. The percentage of athletes with scores indicating “at-risk” behavior for an eating disorder were 15.2% using the EAT-26 and 32.4% using the EDI-BD. A similar percentage of athletes in aesthetic, endurance, and team/anaerobic sports reported a clinical diagnosis of anorexia or bulimia. However, athletes in aesthetic sports scored higher on the EAT-26 (13.5 ± 10.9) than athletes in endurance (10.0 ± 9.3) or team/anaerobic sports (9.9 ± 9.0, p < .02); and more athletes in aesthetic versus endurance or team/anaerobic sports scored above the EAT-26 cut-off score of 20 (p < .01). Menstrual irregularity was reported by 31% of the athletes not using oral contraceptives, and there were no group differences in the prevalence of self-reported menstrual irregularity. Muscle and bone injuries sustained during the collegiate career were reported by 65.9% and 34.3% of athletes, respectively, and more athletes in aesthetic versus endurance and team/anaerobic sports reported muscle (p = .005) and/or bone injuries (p < .001). Athletes “at risk” for eating disorders more frequently reported menstrual irregularity (p = .004) and sustained more bone injuries (p = .003) during their collegiate career. These data indicate that while the prevalence of clinical eating disorders is low in female collegiate athletes, many are “at risk” for an eating disorder, which places them at increased risk for menstrual irregularity and bone injuries.
Effects of Peer-Education on Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad Among High School Track and Field Athletes: A Pilot Study
Katie N. Brown, Heidi J. Wengreen, Katherine A. Beals, and Edward M. Heath
This quasi-experimental study aimed to assess risk for the female athlete triad (Triad) and pilot a peer-led Triad educational intervention. Twenty-nine female high school track and field athletes (N = 29) at one high school in the western United States consented to participate. Participants were weighed and measured, and completed pre- and postsurveys that included Triad risk factor questions and 10 questions assessing Triad knowledge. 54% of athletes reported current menstrual irregularity; 7% reported a history of stress fractures. Significant increases in Triad knowledge were observed pre- to postintervention (4.7 ± 2.6 to 7.7 ± 1.78 out of 10; p < .0001). Triad education was generally accepted and enjoyed by participants; however, 86% preferred that a coach or other adult provide education instead of a peer.
A Healthy Administrative Triad: Hiring, Evaluating, and Retaining Kinesiology Faculty
Jason R. Carter and Nancy Williams
, McCullagh, and Pastore ( 2019 ) on all three components of a “healthy administrative triad” for managing kinesiology faculty (i.e., hiring, evaluating, and recruiting). Topics include broad guidelines on evaluating faculty, with a particular focus on formative evaluations that offer faculty opportunities
