coaches’ development should reflect the domain in which they work. Despite the ISCF’s recognition of adults as a significant group, there is very little understanding of how to coach adults and how this might be different than coaching youth. Masters Athletes (MAs; adult athletes typically over 35 years
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Coach Education and Learning Sources for Coaches of Masters Swimmers
Bettina Callary, Scott Rathwell, and Bradley W. Young
Mental Performance Consultants’ Perspectives on Content and Delivery of Sport Psychology Services to Masters Athletes
Tyler Makepeace and Bradley W. Young
psychological skills and strategies are used “differently” in terms of target areas is important to enhance the receptiveness of services for athletes of varying ages and ability, including with older adult athletes ( Medic, 2010 ). For MAs, who may be biased in seeing applied sport psychology as being targeted
Nutrition Support Programs for Young Adult Athletes
Nancy Clark
After graduating from college and entering the work force, young adult athletes often struggle with the task of fueling themselves optimally for top performance and weight control. The stresses and time constraints of work, family, and social responsibilities often result in eating fast foods on the run. These young adults can benefit from nutrition education programs at the worksite, at health clubs, in the community, and via the media. Dietitians who specialize in sport nutrition have particular appeal to these athletes, who are struggling to eat well, exercise well, and stay lean yet put little time or effort into their food program. This article includes two case studies of young adults and the dietary recommendations that taught them how to make wise food choices, fuel themselves well for high energy, and control their weight.
Masters Athletes’ Views on Sport Psychology for Performance Enhancement and Sport Lifestyle Adherence
Tyler Makepeace, Bradley W. Young, and Scott Rathwell
situations where they perceived sport psychology to be important. Second, they were asked if/how they used sport psychology to elevate their sport performance, their sport experience, and to shape lifestyle routines around being an adult athlete and/or fitting sport into their life. Third, MAs were
Social Withdrawal and Loneliness Among Older Adult Athletes: A Case for Playing Alone
Melanie S. Hill, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Larry J. Nelson, and Alexander C. Jensen
they age. Social Withdrawal and Loneliness in Older Adult Athletes Loneliness has been defined as the “discrepancy between one’s desired and achieved levels of social interaction” ( Peplau & Perlman, 1982 ), and as such is often operationalized as lack of companionship or people to turn to. Attachment
The Adult-Oriented Sport Coaching Survey: An Instrument Designed to Assess Coaching Behaviors Tailored to Adult Athletes
Scott Rathwell, Bradley W. Young, Bettina Callary, Derrik Motz, Matt D. Hoffmann, and Chelsea Currie
regarding items Need to know 1. Explain to your adult athletes why they are learning something (1) Cut in Study 2 for being conceptually problematic after merged trimming process 2. Create situations wherein adult athletes discover for themselves why they are learning a skill/tactic (2) Retained 3
Self-Evaluation of Competence by Adult Athletes: Its Relation to Skill Level and Personal Importance
Jane P. Sheldon
One’s perceived competence relates to participation and effort and can vary depending on the self-evaluation sources that athletes value. Ruble and Frey (1991) theorized that phase of skill development may affect one’s preference for different sorts of competence information. The present study tested Ruble and Frey’s model using a sample of 466 adult tennis players. Skill level was athletes’ United States Tennis Association rating. Participants rated the personal importance of tennis and the importance of different sources of self-assessment information. Results showed that beginners were more likely to value temporal comparisons, and advanced players were more likely to value social comparisons. Players rating tennis as highly important were more likely to value temporal comparisons and effort for self-assessment. The findings support Ruble and Frey’s model.
No Difference in Young Adult Athletes’ Resting Energy Expenditure When Measured Under Inpatient or Outpatient Conditions
Julia L. Bone and Louise M. Burke
Low energy availability can place athletes at increased risk of injury and illness and can be detected by a lower metabolic rate. The lowest metabolic rate is captured at the bedside, after an overnight fast and termed inpatient resting energy expenditure (REE). Measurements done in a laboratory with a shorter overnight fast are termed outpatient REE. Although important to know what the lowest energy expenditure, a bedside measure and/or 12-hr fast is not always practical or logistically possible particularly when you take into account an athlete’s training schedule. The aim of this investigation was to compare a bedside measure of resting metabolism with a laboratory measure in athletes following an 8-hr fast. Thirty-two athletes (24 females and eight males) underwent measures of resting metabolism using indirect calorimetry once at their bedside (inpatient) and once in a simulated laboratory setting (outpatient). Paired t test was used to compare the mean ± SD differences between the two protocols. Inpatient REE was 7,302 ± 1,272 kJ/day and outpatient REE was 7,216 ± 1,116 kJ/day (p = .448). Thirteen participants repeated the outpatient protocol and 17 repeated the inpatient protocol to assess the day-to-day variation. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and typical error. The inpatient-protocol variability was 96% with a typical error of 336.2 kJ/day. For the outpatient protocol, the intraclass correlation coefficient and typical error were 87% and 477.6 kJ/day, respectively. Results indicate no difference in REE when measured under inpatient and outpatient conditions; however, the inpatient protocol has greater reliability.
Hormonal, Metabolic, and Cardiorespiratory Responses of Young and Adult Athletes to a Single Session of High-Intensity Cycle Exercise
Florian Engel, Sascha Härtel, Jana Strahler, Matthias Oliver Wagner, Klaus Bös, and Billy Sperlich
This study aimed to determine the effects of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on salivary cortisol (SC) levels, physiological responses, and performance in trained boys and men. Twenty-three boys (11.5 ± 0.8 years) and 25 men (29.7 ± 4.6 years) performed HIIT (4 consecutive Wingate Anaerobic Tests). SC in boys and men increased after HIIT from 5.55 ± 3.3 nmol/l to 15.13 ± 9.7 nmol/l (+173%) and from 7.07 ± 4.7 nmol/l to 19.19 ± 12.7 nmol/l (+171%), respectively (p < .01). Pretest SC as well as posttest changes were comparable in both groups (both p < .01). Peak blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in boys (12.6 ± 3.5 mmol/l) than in men (16.3 ± 3.1 mmol/l; p < .01). Throughout the HIIT, mean heart rates in boys were higher (p < .001) but relative peak oxygen uptake (ml·min−1·kg−1; p < .05) and performance were lower (p < .001) in boys than in men. HIIT in young athletes is associated with a higher activation of the hormonal stress axis than other types of exercise regimes as described in the literature. This study is the first to show a pronounced SC increase to HIIT in trained boys accompanied by elevated levels of blood lactate concentrations and heart rate suggesting a high cardio-respiratory, metabolic, and hormonal response to HIIT in 11-year-old boys.
A Self-Reflective Toolkit of Adult-Oriented Coaching Practices in Masters Sport
Bettina Callary, Catalina Belalcazar, Scott Rathwell, and Bradley W. Young
focused attention since coaches who do not cater to adult athletes’ learning needs could turn people away from sport ( Callary et al., 2017 ). In general, coaches understand the importance of, and are often required to engage in, an assessment of their coaching practice. Assessment has commonly been tied
