Running is an increasingly popular form of exercise that provides numerous health benefits. 1 In aging runners, running has been associated with decreased disability and mortality. 2 However, aging is associated with several physiological and biomechanical changes that may interfere with aging
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Heather M. Hamilton and Rumit Singh Kakar
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Stefania Di Gangi, and Beat Knechtle
,000,000 finishers in 2014. In contrast to the number of marathon races that remained stable (∼1,100 races per year), the number of half-marathons increased to 2,800 races in 2016 from 2,700 races in 2015 ( www.runningusa.org/half-marathon-report-2017 ). Little is known about the age-related performance decline in
Carlo Capelli
The decays of maximal aerobic power (MAP) and of anaerobic capacity were recently estimated in cycling master athletes from 35 to 80 years of age by analyzing their absolute best performances in track competitions. 1 It was suggested that MAP would start declining after 45 years of age, with an
Nicola Brown and Yasmin Bowmer
active than men at all ages ( Armstrong, Bauman, & Davies, 2000 ; Kimm et al., 2002 ; Scharff, Homan, Kreuter, & Brennan, 1992 ; Talbot, Metter, & Flegl, 2000 ; Troiano et al., 2008 ) and that sedentary women have higher mortality rates ( Gregg et al., 2003 ) and are more likely to be obese ( Hajian
Xiaoyue Hu, Ziwei Zeng, Meihua Tang, and Lin Wang
Aging is associated with the functional decline of the neuromuscular system and somatosensory system, including walking speed, muscle strength, and vision and hearing, which may influence postural control and increase the risks of falling in older adults ( Wayne & Johnsrude, 2015 ). The
Casey Mace Firebaugh, Simon Moyes, Santosh Jatrana, Anna Rolleston, and Ngaire Kerse
benefits of physical activity, the decline in physical activity with age may be the most consistent finding in physical activity epidemiology. However, there have been few investigations of the association of physical activity with function and mortality in advanced age. In addition, much of the existing
Mark Ward, Sarah Gibney, David O’Callaghan, and Sinead Shannon
, can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, colon and breast cancer, and can help to maintain a healthy body weight ( WHO, 2015 ). Beyond improving and maintaining physical health, regular physical activity also reduces the risk of dependency in old age, enables increased
Karl Spiteri, David Broom, Amira Hassan Bekhet, John Xerri de Caro, Bob Laventure, and Kate Grafton
, & Laye, 2012 ), but the proportion of older adults is increasing, with older adults tending to be less physically active than younger age groups ( Sun, Norman, & While, 2013 ). PA happens differently throughout the day during work, travel, and leisure time. Its nature may be structured, such as during
Jessica Prebor, Brittany Samulski, Cortney Armitano-Lago, and Steven Morrison
General motor function tends to follow a predictable pattern from infancy through to old age in healthy individuals. Typically, optimal movement performance is observed in young adulthood, reflecting the full development of the neuromuscular system and the attainment of fundamental skills through
Dheyani Malde, Natalie Pizzimenti, John McCamley, and Bonnie Sumner
The effects of aging heavily influence gait patterns during walking, but the rate at which walking ability declines varies considerably between individuals. 1 Older adult gait is usually characterized by slower walking speeds, shorter step length, wider double-leg stance, reduced lower extremity
