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Development and Reliability and Validity Testing of an Audit Tool for Trail/Path Characteristics: The Path Environment Audit Tool (PEAT)

Philip J. Troped, Ellen K. Cromley, Maren S. Fragala, Steven J. Melly, Hope H. Hasbrouck, Steven L. Gortmaker, and Ross C. Brownson

Background:

To determine how trail characteristics may influence use, reliable and valid audit tools are needed.

Methods:

The Path Environment Audit Tool (PEAT) was developed with design, amenity, and aesthetics/maintenance items. Two observers independently audited 185 trail segments at 6 Massachusetts facilities. GPS-derived items were used as a “gold standard.” Kappa (k) statistics, observed agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess inter-observer reliability and validity.

Results:

Fifteen of 16 primary amenity items had k-values ≥ 0.49 (“moderate”) and all had observed agreement ≥ 81%. Seven binary design items had k-values ranging from 0.19 to 0.71 and three of 5 ordinal items had ICCs ≥ 0.52. Only two aesthetics/maintenance items (n = 7) had moderate ICCs. Observed agreement between PEAT and GPS items was ≥ 0.77; k-values were ≥ 0.57 for 7 out of 10 comparisons.

Conclusions:

PEAT has acceptable reliability for most of its primary items and appears ready for use by researchers and practitioners.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 3 (2006): Issue s1 (Jan 2006): The Second Active Living Research Conference

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Development and Testing of a Brief Play Space Audit Tool

Jeanette Gustat, Christopher E. Anderson, and Sandy J. Slater

public spaces is important in research to assess the relationship between environments, activity, and health outcome. 21 , 29 , 30 Current built environment audit tools for parks are generally long, assess many items, and present a substantial burden to implementation in research due to their length

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 17 (2020): Issue 1 (Jan 2020)

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See, Reflect, and Act: Using Equity Audits to Enhance Student Success

Michelle Hamilton, Karen Meaney, and Melissa Martinez

, an equity audit for student success. More specifically, we focus on how this process informed practice within one of the College’s Departments (Health and Human Performance) and Programs (Exercise and Sports Science [ESS]). Thus, before we delve into the COE’s equity audit process, we offer a brief

Cover Kinesiology Review

In Kinesiology Review Volume 9 (2020): Issue 4 (Nov 2020): 2020 American Kinesiology Association Leadership Workshop: Promoting Physical Activity Through Kinesiology Teaching and Outreach–An Eye Toward the Future

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Female Athlete Representation and Dietary Control Methods Among Studies Assessing Chronic Carbohydrate Approaches to Support Training

Megan A. Kuikman, Alannah K.A. McKay, Ella S. Smith, Kathryn E. Ackerman, Rachel Harris, Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale, Trent Stellingwerff, and Louise M. Burke

( Elliott-Sale et al., 2021 ; Janse de Jong et al., 2019 ). We recently conducted an audit of the literature from which guidelines for acute strategies to manipulate CHO availability around a single session of exercise have been derived ( Kuikman et al., 2022 ). Therein, we showed both a dearth of female

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 33 (2023): Issue 4 (Jul 2023)

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Interrater Reliability of Historical Virtual Audits Using Archived Google Street View Imagery

Alyson B. Harding, Nancy W. Glynn, Stephanie A. Studenski, Philippa J. Clarke, Ayushi A. Divecha, and Andrea L. Rosso

characteristics use coarse existing historical data, such as census data or street maps, but fail to address more detailed neighborhood factors, such as sidewalk quality. Detailed data can be captured with in-person observational audits, but these audits address only current conditions, are time consuming, and

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

In Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Volume 29 (2021): Issue 1 (Feb 2021)

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Methodology Review: A Protocol to Audit the Representation of Female Athletes in Sports Science and Sports Medicine Research

Ella S. Smith, Alannah K.A. McKay, Kathryn E. Ackerman, Rachel Harris, Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale, Trent Stellingwerff, and Louise M. Burke

(depending on the journal) exclusively investigating female participants, compared with 18%–34% focusing entirely on men ( Costello et al., 2014 ). A smaller audit of three journals over a 5-month period reporting SSSM studies found a similar proportion (42%) of women across the total accumulated participant

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 32 (2022): Issue 2 (Mar 2022)

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Examining Public Open Spaces by Neighborhood-Level Walkability and Deprivation

Hannah M. Badland, Rosanna Keam, Karen Witten, and Robin Kearns

Background:

Public open spaces (POS) are recognized as important to promote physical activity engagement. However, it is unclear how POS attributes, such as activities available, environmental quality, amenities present, and safety, are associated with neighborhood-level walkability and deprivation.

Methods:

Twelve neighborhoods were selected within 1 constituent city of Auckland, New Zealand based on higher (n = 6) or lower (n = 6) walkability characteristics. Neighborhoods were dichotomized as more (n = 7) or less (n = 5) socioeconomically deprived. POS (n = 69) were identified within these neighborhoods and audited using the New Zealand-Public Open Space Tool. Unpaired 1-way analysis of variance tests were applied to compare differences in attributes and overall score of POS by neighborhood walkability and deprivation.

Results:

POS located in more walkable neighborhoods have significantly higher overall scores when compared with less walkable neighborhoods. Deprivation comparisons identified POS located in less deprived communities have better quality environments, but fewer activities and safety features present when compared with more deprived neighborhoods.

Conclusions:

A positive relationship existed between presence of POS attributes and neighborhood walkability, but the relationship between POS and neighborhood-level deprivation was less clear. Variation in neighborhood POS quality alone is unlikely to explain poorer health outcomes for residents in more deprived areas.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 7 (2010): Issue 6 (Nov 2010)

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Do Recreational Resources Contribute to Physical Activity?

Elizabeth A. Baker, Mario Schootman, Cheryl Kelly, and Ellen Barnidge

Background:

Previous research suggests that access to recreational resources might influence physical activity. Little research, however, has looked at both access to and the characteristics of recreational resources and physical activity.

Methods:

Access to recreational resources was assessed by counting the number of recreational resources in the geographic area. Resource characteristics were assessed through systematic observation (audits) or telephone interview of each resource. Access and characteristics in 2 counties in the St Louis, MO, metropolitan area with different prevalence rates of physical activity were compared using the critical-ratio (Z) test with P value for the difference between 2 independent proportions, given that the count and sample size were used to assess differences in access to equipment and presence of physical disorder. Financial accessibility was assessed for each facility.

Results:

Data indicated significant differences in access and characteristics between the 2 areas that mimic differences in levels of physical activity.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that both access to and characteristics of recreational resources can contribute to differential rates of physical activity.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 5 (2008): Issue 2 (Mar 2008)

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Correspondence Between Perceived and Observed Measures of Neighborhood Environmental Supports for Physical Activity

Tegan K. Boehmer, Christine M. Hoehner, Kathleen W. Wyrwich, Laura K. Brennan Ramirez, and Ross C. Brownson

Background:

Neighborhood environmental supports for physical activity are assessed via telephone surveys (perceived) and environmental audits (observed), but the correspondence between methods is not known.

Methods.

Surveys (N = 1068) and audits were conducted concurrently in four diverse urban settings to measure recreational facilities, land use, transportation environment, and aesthetics. Agreement was assessed with kappa (κ) statistics.

Results.

Kappa values ranged from –0.06 to 0.47 for the 28 item-pairs: 17 item-pairs were classified as poor agreement (κ ≤ 0.20), 10 as fair (κ = 0.21-0.40), and 1 as good (κ = 0.47). The highest agreement was observed for proximity to parks, trails, and various land-use destinations, presence of sidewalks, and measures of neighborhood maintenance and cleanliness.

Conclusions.

Methodological issues and/or the likelihood of capturing distinct aspects of the environment may explain the generally low correspondence between survey and audit measures. Our findings should help researchers make informed decisions regarding measurement of environmental supports for physical activity.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 3 (2006): Issue 1 (Jan 2006)

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Reliability of 2 Instruments for Auditing the Environment for Physical Activity

Ross C. Brownson, Christine M. Hoehner, Laura K. Brennan, Rebeka A. Cook, Michael B. Elliott, and Kathleen M. McMullen

Purpose:

To understand the relationships between street-scale environments and rates of physical activity, it is crucial to develop reliable methods of measurement. Community audits are commonly used to test the walkability and bikability of environments, yet few have been tested for reliability.

Methods:

Audit tools were collected from the peer-reviewed literature, the Internet, and experts from a variety of backgrounds. Two versions of an audit instrument were created: an “analytic” (with Likert-scale and ordinal-response choices) and a “checklist” (with dichotomous response choices) audit tool. Audits were conducted in St Louis, MO for 147 street segments, representing both higher and lower income neighborhoods. The same segments were re-audited to assess interrater reliability.

Results:

Characteristics of the physical environment varied considerably across lower and higher income segments. For example, in the checklist audit, physical disorder was present for 67 segments in lower income segments, compared with 0 segments in higher income segments. Among 8 questions from each audit tool designed to broadly capture environmental attributes, most had moderate to poor agreement. Most of the transportation and land-use items demonstrated high (substantial or perfect) agreement, and the aesthetics and social environment items showed reliability in the moderate to fair range.

Conclusions:

A community audit tool can be relatively easy and quick to administer and, for many domains, is reliable. Our audit tools appear particularly well suited for capturing elements in the transportation and land-use environments.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 1 (2004): Issue 3 (Jul 2004)