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chain exercises, and movement variations for the novice to the advanced. 1 – 3 Push-up and bench press variations are a collective theme in this dialog as they are commonly utilized for fitness assessment as well as developing upper-body strength, power, and endurance. Hand position is a simple, as

; Young, 2006 ). The process of gaining strength can be affected by neural adaptations comprising coordination of muscular activity across multiple synergistic and antagonistic muscles ( Sale, 1988 ). Particularly, in forceful exercises such as bench press, the expression of strength is deeply dependent

Bench-press exercise is often used as a simple test to evaluate the upper-limb force, velocity, and power output. 1 – 3 These muscle parameters are usually determined using a force platform 4 , 5 or kinematic systems such as optical encoders 6 , 7 or linear transducers. 1 , 8 – 10 Although

of velocity-based resistance training programs in practice. The bench press (BP) is one of the exercises most used in the scientific literature to explore the characteristics of the load–velocity (L-V) relationship. 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 Previous investigations have examined the influence of the

 min), 4 , 5 , 8 while strength performance in the upper body remained unchanged. Contradictory, however, a recent study by Andrade and colleagues 9 observed a significant reduction in the maximal number of bench press repetitions after only 8 bouts of 40 seconds running at 100% of the velocity at

dynamic strength and sports-related skills performance. The bench press is commonly used to strengthen the upper limbs 13 – 15 and is often assessed in many sports’ performance testing batteries. 13 – 15 Furthermore, it was reported that the inclusion of bench press as a form of strength training

participate. 2 , 3 The only exercise in Paralympic powerlifting is the adapted bench press in which the lower limbs are placed on the bench and can be fixed with a strap, according to specific rules. 2 Since the early years, bench press exercise has been used for the development of strength and power in the

lower-body exercises. 8 – 10 , 15 The bench press (BP) has been the most commonly used upper-body exercise to explore the load–velocity profile. 5 , 9 , 16 In this regard, several investigations have provided general equations to predict BP relative load (%1RM) from the velocity of the barbell

completed in bench press (BP) and full squat over a range of intensities from 50% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) ( R 2  = .93–.97). 1 , 2 Based on these findings, VL has been proposed as a criterion to determine when each set should be stopped. In this regard, with moderate to high intensities a VL

estimation of the Smith machine bench press 1RM between 4 types of MVT: (1)  general MVT —the same velocity of 0.17 m·s −1 for all participants, (2)  preindividual MVT —the velocity attained during the 1RM trial in a preliminary session, (3)  actual-individual MVT —the velocity attained during the 1RM trial