Investigating implicit–explicit concordance can aid in understanding underlying mechanisms and possible intervention effects. This research examined the concordance between implicit associations of exercise with health or appearance and related explicit motives. Variables considered as possible moderators were behavioral regulations, explicit attitudes, and social desirability. Participants (N = 454) completed measures of implicit associations of exercise with health and appearance and questionnaire measures of health and appearance motives, attitudes, social desirability, and behavioral regulations. Attitudes significantly moderated the relationship between implicit associations of exercise with health and health motives. Identified regulations significantly moderated implicit–explicit concordance with respect to associations with appearance. These results suggest that implicit and explicit exercise-related cognitions are not necessarily independent and their relationship to each other may be moderated by attitudes or some forms of behavioral regulation. Future research that takes a dual-processing approach to exercise behavior should consider potential theoretical moderators of concordance.
Search Results
Moderators of Implicit–Explicit Exercise Cognition Concordance
Tanya R. Berry, Wendy M. Rodgers, David Markland, and Craig R. Hall
Going to the Gym or to the Movies?: Situated Decisions as a Functional Link Connecting Automatic and Reflective Evaluations of Exercise With Exercising Behavior
Ralf Brand and Geoffrey Schweizer
The goal of the present paper is to propose a model for the study of automatic cognition and affect in exercise. We have chosen a dual-system approach to social information processing to investigate the hypothesis that situated decisions between behavioral alternatives form a functional link between automatic and reflective evaluations and the time spent on exercise. A new questionnaire is introduced to operationalize this link. A reaction-time–based evaluative priming task was used to test participants’ automatic evaluations. Affective and cognitive reflective evaluations, as well as exercising time, were requested via self-report. Path analyses suggest that the affective reflective (beta = .71) and the automatic evaluation (beta = .15) independently explain situated decisions, which, in turn (beta = .60) explain time spent on exercise. Our findings highlight the concept of contextualized decisions. They can serve as a starting point from which the so far seldom investigations of automatic cognition and affect in exercise can be integrated with multitudinous results from studies on reflective psychological determinants of health behavior.
Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations
Sean R. Locke and Tanya R. Berry
it is possible that ECEs moderate this misconstrual process at an automatic level. The objective of this research was to examine ECEs from a dual processing perspective. Automatic evaluations develop over time based on experience or learning in exercise environments ( Gawronski et al., 2017 ). They
Teeming With Grief: Sports Teams’ Need for Resources and Support During Bereavement
Jana Fogaca, Illene Cupit, and Matthew Gonzalez
little about how these stakeholders grieve the loss of a nonathlete (e.g., if an athletic trainer passed). Dual Process Model Approaches to understanding responses to bereavement and grief have expanded beyond the original Kübler-Ross ( 1969 ) model to encompass the notion of continuing bonds ( Klass et
Self-Regulation and Implicit Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Influence Exercise Behavior
Avelina C. Padin, Charles F. Emery, Michael Vasey, and Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
self-regulators, this tenet of dual-process models has not been tested in the context of PA. Leisure-Time Physical Activity In prior studies, researchers have investigated the effects of implicit attitudes on overall PA level, often using pedometers. In these studies, participant step counts were
Executive Functions, Trait Self-Control, and the Intention–Behavior Gap in Physical Activity Behavior
Ines Pfeffer and Tilo Strobach
results in light of dual-process approaches ( Fishbach & Shen, 2014 ; Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 ; Strack & Deutsch, 2004 ), assuming that human behavior is controlled by two qualitatively different modes of processing: implicit and explicit processing. Once an intention–behavior conflict is
Predicting Accelerometer-Assessed Estimates of Adolescents’ Multidimensional Physical Activity: A Self-Determination Theory Approach
Lydia G. Emm-Collison, Martyn Standage, Fiona B. Gillison, and Thomas Curran
motivation) processes within the same dual-process model. Likewise, and although recent studies of psychological need-supportive environments have extended beyond measuring autonomy support to include supports for competence and relatedness (e.g., Emm-Collison et al., 2016 ; Rocchi et al., 2017 ), research
The Effects of Message Appeal on Consumer Attitude Toward Sporting Events
Wonseok Jang, Yong Jae Ko, and Svetlana Stepchenkova
Advertisers put considerable effort into developing messages that appeal to a persuadable target group. Based on the characteristics of these audiences, as well as a number of situational factors, advertising messages can be described as primarily informational or emotional. The purpose of this study was to test how the value orientation of a sports-related event and situational involvement moderate consumers’ information processing and attitudes toward the event advertisement. Consistent with dual-process theory, the results indicate that, when dealing with information about a utilitarian sports career-fair event, consumers rely on either effortful or effortless processing depending on their level of situational involvement. However, consumers use both effortful and effortless processing for a hedonic sporting event. This study extends the dual-process theory and planning models by suggesting that a traditional, theory-based dichotomous dual-process model should give way to a co-occurrence model for hedonic sporting events in high-involvement situations.
Exercise Might Be Good for Me, But I Don’t Feel Good About It: Do Automatic Associations Predict Exercise Behavior?
Matthias Bluemke, Ralf Brand, Geoffrey Schweizer, and Daniela Kahlert
Models employed in exercise psychology highlight the role of reflective processes for explaining behavior change. However, as discussed in social cognition literature, information-processing models also consider automatic processes (dual-process models). To examine the relevance of automatic processing in exercise psychology, we used a priming task to assess the automatic evaluations of exercise stimuli in physically active sport and exercise majors (n = 32), physically active nonsport majors (n = 31), and inactive students (n = 31). Results showed that physically active students responded faster to positive words after exercise primes, whereas inactive students responded more rapidly to negative words. Priming task reaction times were successfully used to predict reported amounts of exercise in an ordinal regression model. Findings were obtained only with experiential items reflecting negative and positive consequences of exercise. The results illustrate the potential importance of dual-process models in exercise psychology.
What to Study? That Is a Question: A Conscious Thought Analysis
James Jianhui Zhang
This lecture was intended to continue the discussions on why and how to establish a distinctive sport management discipline that was initiated by previous Earle F. Zeigler Lecture Award recipients. Through applying the dual process theory (Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006), it was intended to explore the differences between tangible and intangible variables, how they have been studied as distinct perspectives, and how they can be integrated through two application examples, one on service quality of sport event operations and the other on market demand for sport events. Hopefully, this lecture would help reenergize the discussions and inquiries on this important matter. These illustrations are certainly debatable and subject to further empirical examinations.
