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The Effects of Eversion Fatigue on Frontal Plane Joint Position Sense in the Ankle

Michelle A. Sandrey and Timothy E. Kent

Context:

There is limited information on fatigue of the evertors on frontal plane joint position sense (JPS).

Objective:

To examine the effects of isokinetic concentric-eccentric fatigue of the evertors on frontal plane JPS of the ankle.

Design:

A 2 × 4 factorial design.

Setting:

Research Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

40 male and female healthy subjects.

Interventions:

JPS was tested at 10° and 20° of inversion and 5° and 10° of eversion in a nonfatigued/fatigued condition. After fatigue of evertors was determined on an isokinetic device, post fatigue testing of JPS occurred.

Main Outcome Measures:

JPS absolute error (AE) for inversion and eversion.

Results:

Main effect for condition and angle were significant with pre/post fatigue. There were overestimation of angles postfatigue with AE greater at 20° of inversion (P = .003), followed by 10° of inversion (P < .001), 10° of eversion (P = .005), and 5° of eversion (P = .005).

Conclusion:

When the ankle evertors were fatigued, the AE for JPS was significantly higher at all test angles.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 17 (2008): Issue 3 (Jan 2008)

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Ankle Strength Deficits in a Cohort of College Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability

Bethany Wisthoff, Shannon Matheny, Aaron Struminger, Geoffrey Gustavsen, Joseph Glutting, Charles Swanik, and Thomas W. Kaminski

. 14 , 19 , 20 Reinjury to the ankle may also occur when the inversion/eversion (INV/EV) torque ratio is altered indicating muscle weakness. 19 , 21 , 22 Ankle strengthening programs may restore normal INV/EV and PF/DF strength, which could possibly limit the effects of CAI and limit lateral ankle

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 28 (2019): Issue 7 (Sep 2019)

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Reliability of Inversion and Eversion Peak- and Average-Torque Measurements from the Biodex System 3 Dynamometer

Thomas W. Kaminski and Geoff C. Dover

Objective:

To determine the reliability of inversion and eversion concentric isokinetic-strength measurements from the Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer.

Setting:

University biomechanics research laboratory.

Subjects:

Thirty-five volunteers free from any lower leg and ankle injuries within the preceding year.

Measurements:

Peak (PT) and average (AT) isokinetic torque at 30°/s and 120°/s for subtalar-joint inversion and eversion.

Results:

PT intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) ranged from .54 to .92. AT ICC2,1 ranged from .55 to .91. These ICCs were good to excellent for both PT and AT at each speed and motion tested, except for fair ICCs produced from right-foot-eversion measurements at 30°/s.

Conclusions:

Inversion and eversion subtalar-joint strength measurements from the Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer are reliable.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 10 (2001): Issue 3 (Jan 2001)

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Test–Retest Reliability of Biodex System 4 Pro for Isometric Ankle-Eversion and -Inversion Measurement

Gediminas Tankevicius, Donata Lankaite, and Aleksandras Krisciunas

Context:

The lack of knowledge about isometric ankle testing indicates the need for research in this area.

Objective:

to assess test–retest reliability and to determine the optimal position for isometric ankle-eversion and -inversion testing.

Design:

Test–retest reliability study. Isometric ankle eversion and inversion were assessed in 3 different dynamometer foot-plate positions: 0°, 7°, and 14° of inversion. Two maximal repetitions were performed at each angle. Both limbs were tested (40 ankles in total). The test was performed 2 times with a period of 7 d between the tests.

Setting:

University hospital.

Participants:

The study was carried out on 20 healthy athletes with no history of ankle sprains.

Main Outcome Measures:

Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1); minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated using a 95% confidence interval. Paired t test was used to measure statistically significant changes, and P <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Eversion and inversion peak torques showed high ICCs in all 3 angles (ICC values .87–.96, MDC values 3.09–6.81 Nm). Eversion peak torque was the smallest when testing at the 0° angle and gradually increased, reaching maximum values at 14° angle. The increase of eversion peak torque was statistically significant at 7 ° and 14° of inversion. Inversion peak torque showed an opposite pattern—it was the smallest when measured at the 14° angle and increased at the other 2 angles; statistically significant changes were seen only between measures taken at 0° and 14°.

Conclusions:

Isometric eversion and inversion testing using the Biodex 4 Pro system is a reliable method. The authors suggest that the angle of 7° of inversion is the best for isometric eversion and inversion testing.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 22 (2013): Issue 3 (Jan 2013)

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Fatigue’s Effect on Eversion Force Sense in Individuals With and Without Functional Ankle Instability

Cynthia J. Wright and Brent L. Arnold

Context:

Force sense (FS), the proprioceptive ability to detect muscle-force generation, has been shown to be impaired in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). Fatigue can also impair FS in healthy individuals, but it is unknown how fatigue affects FS in individuals with FAI.

Objective:

To assess the effect of fatigue on ankle-eversion force-sense error in individuals with and without FAI. Design: Case control with repeated measures.

Setting:

Sports medicine research laboratory.

Participants:

32 individuals with FAI and 32 individuals with no ankle sprains or instability in their lifetime. FAI subjects had a history of ≥1 lateral ankle sprain and giving-way ≥1 episode per month.

Interventions:

Three eversion FS trials were captured per load (10% and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) using a load cell before and after a concentric eversion fatigue protocol.

Main Outcome Measures:

Trial error was the difference between the target and reproduction forces. Constant error (CE), absolute error (AE), and variable error (VE) were calculated from 3 trial errors. A Group × Fatigue × Load repeated-measures ANOVA was performed for each error.

Results:

There were no significant 3-way interactions or 2-way interactions involving group (all P > .05). CE and AE had a significant 2-way interaction between load and fatigue (CE: F 1,62 = 8.704, P = .004; AE: F 1,62 = 4.024, P = .049), and VE had a significant main effect for fatigue (F 1,62 = 5.130, P = .027), all of which indicated increased FS error with fatigue at 10% load. However, at 30% load only VE increased with fatigue. The FAI group had greater error as measured by AE (F 1,62 = 4.571, P = .036) but not CE or VE (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Greater AE indicates that FAI individuals are less accurate in their force production. Fatigue impaired force sense in all subjects equally. These deficits provide evidence of impaired proprioception with fatigue and in individuals with FAI.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 21 (2012): Issue 2 (Jan 2012)

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Effects of Varying Amounts of Pronation on the Mediolateral Ground Reaction Forces during Barefoot versus Shod Running

Joanna B. Morley, Leslie M. Decker, Tracy Dierks, Daniel Blanke, Jeffrey A. French, and Nicholas Stergiou

Despite extensive research on running mechanics, there is still a knowledge gap with respect to the degree of relationship between mediolateral ground reaction forces (ML-GRF) and foot pronation. Our goal was to investigate whether differences exist in ML-GRF among runners that exhibit different degrees of pronation. Seventeen male and 13 female recreational runners ran with and without shoes while ML-GRF and frontal kinematics were collected simultaneously. Subjects were divided into groups based upon their peak eversion (low pronation, middle pronation, high pronation). Discrete parameters from the ML-GRF were peak forces, respective times of occurrence, and impulses. No significant differences were found between groups regarding the magnitude of ML-GRF. Based upon the relative times of occurrence, the peak medial GRF occurred closer to the peak eversion than the peak lateral GRF. Findings support the idea that the ML-GRF have less to do with pronation than previous research suggested.

Cover Journal of Applied Biomechanics

In Journal of Applied Biomechanics Volume 26 (2010): Issue 2 (Jan 2010)

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The Effects of Railroad Ballast Surface and Slope on Rearfoot Motion in Walking

Young-Hoo Kwon, Lonn Hutcheson, Jeffrey B. Casebolt, Joong-Hyun Ryu, and Kunal Singhal

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of transversely sloped ballasted walking surface on gait and rearfoot motion (RFM) parameters. Motion analysis was performed with 20 healthy participants (15 male and 5 female) walking in six surface-slope conditions: two surfaces (solid and ballasted) by three slopes (0, 5, and 10 degrees). The gait parameters (walking velocity, step length, step rate, step width, stance time, and toe-out angle) showed significant surface effect (p = .004) and surface-slope interaction (p = .017). The RFM motion parameters (peak everted/inverted position, eversion/inversion velocity, and acceleration) revealed significant surface (p = .004) and slope (p = .024) effects. The ballasted conditions showed more cautious gait patterns with lower walk velocity, step length, and step rate and longer stance time. In the RFM parameters, the slope effect was more notable in the solid conditions due to the gait adaptations in the ballasted conditions. Ballast conditions showed reduced inversion and increased eversion and RFM range. The RFM data were comparable to other typical walking conditions but smaller than those from running.

Cover Journal of Applied Biomechanics

In Journal of Applied Biomechanics Volume 28 (2012): Issue 4 (Jan 2012)

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Rear-Foot Motion in Soccer Players with Excessive Pronation under 4 Experimental Conditions

Michelle A Sandrey, Carole J Zebas, and Joseph D Bast

Context:

Soccer is a sport that includes running in several different directions. For this reason, it is important for the shoe to control the motion of the foot.

Objective:

This study was undertaken to compare rear-foot motion in high school soccer players with excessive pronation under the experimental conditions of barefoot (BF), experimental shoe (ESS), experimental shoe with arch support (ESSAS), and the experimental shoe with pronated lacing technique (ESSPLT).

Design:

1 × 4 factorial.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

20 male and female subjects with excessive pronation in both feet (N = 40) as determined by navicular height and arch index.

Interventions:

The subjects were filmed with a 2D Peak Performance video system as they ran a specified course. Rear-foot motion was determined by rear-foot angle measurements from the point of foot-fat to heel off.

Main Outcomes Measures:

There would be a difference with rear-foot motion between the three experimental conditions.

Results:

Results of the study indicated significant (P ≤ .05) differences between the conditions of BF and ESS, BF and ESSAS, BF and ESSPLT, and ESS and ESSPLT.

Conclusions:

In the experimental conditions, the shoe with the pronated lacing technique was superior in its effectiveness to control rear-foot motion.

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 10 (2001): Issue 2 (Jan 2001)

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Effect of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Patients With Functional Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Ziliang Wen, Jiang Zhu, Xuelian Wu, Bing Zheng, Li Zhao, Xin Luo, and Zonghui Wu

muscles involved in ankle joint control, the peroneus longus (PL) is involved in eversion of the ankle joint, and the tibialis anterior (TA) is involved in inversion and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint; both of these muscles play a major role in regulating lateral instability of the ankle joint. 9 The

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 32 (2023): Issue 8 (Nov 2023)

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Comparison of Support Provided by Prophylactic Athletic Tape Following Exposure to Moisture and Exercise

Meredith K. Owen, Julia A. Gambill, Jerome Razayeski, William C. Bridges, Cristina M. Acevedo, Naomi A. Wolhar, and John D. DesJardins

Key Points ▸ Cotton and novel synthetic tapes initially restricted ankle range of motion. ▸ Novel synthetic tape (wet) maintained greater ankle stability in inversion and eversion. ▸ No changes in ankle joint excursion were detected for any tape treatments. Ankle sprains and the subsequent

Cover International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training

In International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training Volume 27 (2022): Issue 5 (Sep 2022)