The influence of exercise mode and 6% carbohydrate (C) versus placebo (P) beverage ingestion on lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell cytotoxicily (NKCA), Interleukin (IL)-1ß production, and hormonal responses to 2.5 hr of intense running and cycling (~75%
Search Results
Influence of Exercise Mode and Carbohydrate on the Immune Response to Prolonged Exercise
Dru A. Henson, David C. Nieman, Andy D. Blodgett, Diane E. Butterworth, Alan Utter, J. Mark Davis, Gerald Sonnenfeld, Darla S. Morton, Omar R. Fagoaga, and Sandra L. Nehlsen-Cannarella
Is Rating of Perceived Exertion a Valuable Tool for Monitoring Exercise Intensity During Steady-State Conditions in Elite Endurance Athletes?
Thomas Losnegard, Sondre Skarli, Joar Hansen, Stian Roterud, Ida S. Svendsen, Bent R. Rønnestad, and Gøran Paulsen
with potential differences between exercise modes and sexes, and thereby provide an evidence-based framework for developing intensity scales for elite endurance athletes. Methods Subjects A cohort of 160 elite male and female endurance athletes participated in the study, and their baseline
Evidence That Rating of Perceived Exertion Growth During Fatiguing Tasks is Scalar and Independent of Exercise Mode
Hannah Meyer, Jeena Bruenig, Cristina Cortis, Jos J. de Koning, Scott T. Doberstein, Andrea Fusco, Richard P. Mikat, John P. Porcari, Glenn Wright, and Carl Foster
results of the present study, viewed in context against the RPE growth versus %task completion of ambulatory tasks in the literature suggest that the response is linear, scalar, and apparently independent of exercise mode. As such, it provides a way to estimate exercise capacity (evaluation) and a way to
Evaluation of Required Motor Abilities in Commonly Practiced Exercise Modes and Potential Training Effects Among Adults
Marjo B. Rinne, Seppo I. Miilunpalo, and Ari O. Heinonen
Background:
There is a lack of knowledge of the motor abilities required in different exercise modes which are needed when counseling sedentary middle-aged people to start a physically active lifestyle.
Methods:
Nominal group technique was used to establish the consensus statement concerning motor abilities and physical fitness in 31 exercise modes.
Results:
Walking, running, jogging, and calisthenics were regarded as the most suitable exercise modes for most people with no specific requirements. The most demanding exercise modes of evaluated exercise modes were roller skating, downhill skiing, and martial arts, requiring all five motor abilities. Four abilities were necessary in skating, jazz dance, and ice hockey. When exercising is target-oriented, endurance is trained evidently in 27 out of 31 and muscle strength in 22 out of 31 exercise modes.
Conclusions:
The consensus statement gives theoretical basis for the components of motor abilities and physical fitness components in different exercise modes. The statement is instructive in order to promote health-enhancing physical activity among sedentary people. This study completes the selection of the exercise modes more detailed than current PA recommendation and guidelines for public health. A variety of exercise modes with one or none motor requirements is available to start. When amount and intensity of exercise is increased the training effects can be found in most components of motor ability and physical fitness.
Effects of Exercise Mode on the Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Response to Severe-Intensity Exercise in Prepubertal Children
Fabiana A. Machado, >Luiz G. A. Guglielmo, Camila C. Greco, and Benedito S. Denadai
The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the exercise mode on slow component of VO2 (VO2SC) in children aged 11–12 years during severe-intensity exercise. After determination of the lactate threshold (LT) and peak VO2 (VO2peak) in both cycling (CE) and running exercise (TR), fourteen active boys completed a series of “square-wave” transitions of 6-min duration at 75%∆ [75%∆ = LT + 0.75 × (VO2peak—LT)] to determine the VO2 kinetics. The VO2SC was significantly higher in CE (180.5 ± 155.8 ml • min−1) than in TR (113.0 ± 84.2 ml · min−1). We can conclude that, although a VO2SC does indeed develop during TR in children, its magnitude is considerably lower than in CE during severe-intensity exercise.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale among Children
David Markland, Mark Emberton, and Rachel Tallon
The aims of this study were to assess the factorial and construct validity of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES; McAuley & Coumeya, 1994) among children. Following a pilot study designed to check British children’s comprehension of the instrument, two groups of children completed a modified SEES prior to and after taking part in a game of rounders (n = 110) or a maximal exercise test (n = 121). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit of the hypothesized model to the data after the removal of two problematic items that were identified by examining residuals and modification indices. Multisample analyses supported the generalizability of the factor structure across gender pre- and postexercise and across exercise mode. Analyses of pre- to postexercise changes in subscale scores gave some evidence for construct validity. The findings suggest that the modified SEES may be useful in examining questions concerning exercise and affect among children.
Tracking of Walking and Running for Exercise: Alignment Between Ecological Momentary Assessment and Accelerometer-Based Estimates
Kelley Strohacker, Lindsay P. Toth, Lucas F. Sheridan, and Scott E. Crouter
participants who reported that they had exercised in the previous 4-hr time block were prompted to indicate the exercise mode(s) (biking outdoors, jogging or running, brisk walking, aerobic group fitness, muscle-strengthening group fitness, swimming, hiking, and weight lifting). An “other” option allowed
Higher Fat Oxidation in Running Than Cycling at the Same Exercise Intensities
Benoit Capostagno and Andrew Bosch
This study examined the differences in fat and carbohydrate oxidation during running and cycling at the same relative exercise intensities, with intensity determined in a number of ways. Specifically, exercise intensity was expressed as a percentage of maximum workload (WLmax), maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2max), and maximum heart rate (%HRmax) and as rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Ten male triathletes performed maximal running and cycling trials and subsequently exercised at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 80% of their WLmax. VO2, HR, RPE, and plasma lactate concentrations were measured during all submaximal trials. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation were calculated from VO2 and VCO2 data. A 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used to determine any statistically significant differences between exercise modes. Fat oxidation was shown to be significantly higher in running than in cycling at the same relative intensities expressed as either %WLmax or %VO2max. Neither were there any significant differences in VO2max and HRmax between the 2 exercise modes, nor in submaximal VO2 or RPE between the exercise modes at the same %WLmax. However, heart rate and plasma lactate concentrations were significantly higher when cycling at 60% and 65% and 65–80%WLmax, respectively. In conclusion, fat oxidation is significantly higher during running than during cycling at the same relative intensity expressed as either %WLmax or %VO2max.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Submaximal Exercise-Based Equations to Predict Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young People
Katia Ferrar, Harrison Evans, Ashleigh Smith, Gaynor Parfitt, and Roger Eston
Many equations to predict maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) from submaximal exercise tests have been proposed for young people, but the composition and accuracy of these equations vary greatly. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze all submaximal exercise-based equations to predict V̇O2max measured via direct gas analysis for use with young people. Five databases were systematically searched in February 2013. Studies were included if they used a submaximal, exercise-based method to predict V̇O2max; the actual V̇O2max was gas analyzed; participants were younger than 18 years; and equations included at least one submaximal exercise-based variable. A meta-analysis and narrative synthesis were conducted. Sixteen studies were included. The mean equation validity statistic was strong, r = .786 (95% CI 0.747–0.819). Subgroup meta-analysis suggests exercise mode may contribute to the overall model, with running- and walking-based predictive equations reporting the highest mean r values (running r = .880; walking r = .821) and cycling the weakest (r = .743). Selection of the most appropriate equation should be guided by factors such as purpose, logistic limitations, appropriateness of the validation sample, the level of study bias, and the degree of accuracy. Suggestions regarding the most accurate equation for each exercise mode are provided.
Anabolic Responses to Resistance Training in Older Men and Women: A Brief Review
Daniel A. Galvão, Robert U. Newton, and Dennis R. Taaffe
Resistance training has been shown to be the most effective exercise mode to induce anabolic adaptations in older men and women. Advances in imaging techniques and histochemistry have increased the ability to detect such changes, confirming the high level of adaptability that remains in aging skeletal muscle. This brief review presents a summary of the resistance-training studies that directly compare chronic anabolic responses to training in older (>60 years) men and women. Sixteen studies are summarized, most of which indicate similar relative anabolic responses between older men and women after resistance training. Relatively small sample sizes in most of the interventions limited their ability to detect significant sex differences and should be considered when interpreting these studies. Future research should incorporate larger sample sizes with multiple measurement time points for anabolic responses.
