The context of voluntary movement during facial assessment has significant effects on the activity of facial muscles. Using automated facial analysis, we found that healthy subjects instructed to blow produced lip movements that were longer in duration and larger in amplitude than when subjects were instructed to pucker. We also determined that lip movement for puckering expressions was more asymmetric than lip movement in blowing. Differences in characteristics of lip movement were noted using facial movement analysis and were associated with the context of the movement. The impact of the instructions given for voluntary movement on the characteristics of facial movement might have important implications for assessing the capabilities and deficits of movement control in individuals with facial movement disorders. If results generalize to the clinical context, assessment of generally focused voluntary facial expressions might inadequately demonstrate the full range of facial movement capability of an individual patient.
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Speed, Amplitude, and Asymmetry of Lip Movement in Voluntary Puckering and Blowing Expressions: Implications for Facial Assessment
Karen L. Schmidt, Jessie M. Van Swearingen, and Rachel M. Levenstein
The Emotional Experiences of Paralympic Swimming Medalists: Not All Wins and Losses Are Equal
Jeffrey Martin
particular facial expressions as fixed prototypical expressions of emotion ( Durán & Fernández-Dols, 2018 ). Although emotions and facial expressions are correlated, emotions are also expressed through words and other bodily gestures ( Aviezer et al., 2012 ; Durán & Fernández-Dols, 2018 ; Keltner et
Predicting Happiness in Paralympic Swimming Medalists
Jeffrey Martin, Mario Vassallo, Jacklyn Carrico, and Ellen Armstrong
sport is lacking. A hypothetical example might best illustrate how understanding culture could be of value. For instance, it would be important that a coach from an individualist culture (e.g., Canada) understand that one of her athlete’s apparent lack of happiness (based on facial expressions) upon
Athletes’ Perceived Use of Information Sources When Forming Initial Impressions and Expectancies of a Coach: An Explorative Study
Andrew J. Manley, Iain Greenlees, Jan Graydon, Richard Thelwell, William C.D. Filby, and Matthew J. Smith
The study aimed to identify the sources of information that athletes perceive as influential during their initial evaluation of coaching ability. University athletes (N = 538) were asked to indicate the influence of 31 informational cues (e.g., gender, body language or gestures, reputation) on the initial impression formed of a coach. Following exploratory factor analysis, a 3-factor model (i.e., static cues, dynamic cues, and third-party reports) was extracted. Mean scores revealed that although static cues (e.g., gender, race or ethnicity) were rated as relatively unimportant during impression formation, dynamic cues (e.g., facial expressions, body language or gestures) and third-party reports (e.g., coaching qualifications, reputation) were viewed by athletes as influential factors in the formation of expectancies about coaches. Such findings have implications for the occurrence of expectancy effects in coach-athlete relationships and the way in which coaches seek to present themselves.
Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference: Images of Women and Men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games
Margaret Carlisle Duncan
This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding how and what sports photographs mean. In particular, it identifies two categories of photographic features as conveyors of meanings. The first category is the content or discourse within the photograph, which includes physical appearances, poses and body positions, facial expressions, emotional displays, and camera angles. The second category is the context, which contributes to the discursive text of the photograph. The context includes the visual space in which the photograph appears, its caption, the surrounding written text, and the title and the substantive nature of the article in which the photograph appears. Using 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games photographs appearing in popular North American magazines, I show how these various features of photographs may enable patriarchal readings that emphasize sexual difference.
Measurement of Children’s Real-Time Physical Activity Enjoyment Using a New Visual Analog Scale
Cheryl A. Howe, Kimberly A. Clevenger, Danielle McElhiney, Camille Mihalic, and Moira A. Ragan
’s real-time perception of enjoyment of common children’s games in the field, but few have been validated for this purpose. 13 , 14 However, both the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment and the Preferences for Activities of Children use 3 to 5 facial expressions to answer a long series
INTERNATIONAL SPORT COACHING JOURNAL
DIGEST, Volume 11 Issue 3
performances affected athletes’ subjective affective state, stress levels, and their own facial expressions. Results showed that athletes who perceived dominant smiles after their performances had higher heart rates than those who received rewarding smiles. Athletes receiving dominant smiles also reported
Challenging the Gender Dichotomy: Examining Olympic Channel Content Through a Gendered Lens
Qingru Xu and Andrew C. Billings
) sport (Krippendorff’s α = 1.00), (e) theme of the photograph (Krippendorff’s α = .94), (f) wearing uniform or not (Krippendorff’s α = .89), (g) level of reveal in the clothing (Krippendorff’s α = .95), (h) facial expression (Krippendorff’s α = .99), (i) showing emotion or not (Krippendorff’s α = .97), (j) smiling or
Acute Exercise and Emotion Recognition in Young Adolescents
Serge Brand, Markus Gerber, Flora Colledge, Edith Holsboer-Trachsler, Uwe Pühse, and Sebastian Ludyga
transferred via facial expressions appears to occur via a direct and preattentive route via the amygdala ( Mendez-Bertolo et al., 2016 ). In this context, while Bernstein and McNally ( 2017a , 2017b ) were able to show that a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise helped to overcome negative feelings
Divergent Perspectives: Post-Title IX Sportkids’ Views of Female Athletes
Katie Sullivan Barak, Chelsea A. Kaunert, Vikki Krane, and Sally R. Ross
carrying a starting block on her shoulder (Figure 1 ). Many admired her perceived athleticism and conversations focused on her facial expression and muscularity. Several chose this image as their favorite as they appreciated her abilities while others derided her for “showing off.” Connor (13-year
