Female sport fan research has been gaining momentum in recent years (e.g., Farrell, Fink, & Fields, 2011; Osborne & Coombs, 2013; Pope, 2011, 2013; Sveinson & Hoeber, 2015). Much of this research focuses on the marginalization that these sport fans experience (e.g., Crawford & Gosling, 2004; Jones, 2008; Sherlock & Elsden, 2000), with little attention given to experiences of empowerment. Therefore, this study sought to explore if female sport fans’ experiences involve marginalization, empowerment, or both and what contributes to these experiences. Multiple individual interviews were conducted with seven highly identified, displaced female sport fans. The data were analyzed through a three-step process involving open, axial, and selective coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). The findings demonstrated that the participants experience marginalization based on assumptions that women are inauthentic sport fans. They also felt empowered when they were able to demonstrate legitimacy and authenticity in their fanship.
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Katherine Sveinson and Larena Hoeber
Szczepan Kościółek
), participants in a club’s crowdfunding campaigns are fans or members of the club. Based on the aforementioned literature review, five domains of crowdinvesting motivation are conceptualized in the present study. Three of these were extrinsic: (a) return on investment, (b) collecting rewards, and (c
Yann Abdourazakou, Xuefei (Nancy) Deng, and Gashaw Abeza
The popularity and acceptance of social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram) by athletes, coaches, managers, teams, leagues, fans, events, and sport governing bodies is widespread today ( Abeza, O’Reilly, Finch, Séguin, & Nadeau, 2020 ). The expansive reach of social
Heath McDonald, Rui Biscaia, Masayuki Yoshida, Jodie Conduit, and Jason P. Doyle
sport. At the heart of sport marketing activities is the activation, enhancement, and leverage of customer/fan interactions to cultivate relationships with sport organizations, making customer/fan engagement an important concept both theoretically and managerially ( Funk & James, 2006 ). With the
Jason Daniels, Thilo Kunkel, and Adam Karg
have challenges, they have established levels of interest and brand traits to align with. However, unlike established leagues and teams, new sport teams entering new or start-up leagues—the focus of this research—face significant challenges in that they do not have history or existing loyal fan bases
Akira Asada, Yong Jae Ko, and Wonseok (Eric) Jang
In the field of sport management, researchers have examined the process of becoming a sports fan within the realm of sport socialization research ( Funk & James, 2001 , 2004 ; James, 2001 ; McPherson, 1976 ; Melnick & Wann, 2004 , 2011 ). Sport socialization refers to the process by which
Sitong Guo
also develop a psychological connection through media access. As many world-famous professional sports leagues have planned to expand their business to international markets, out-of-market fans are becoming an increasingly important source of revenue ( Collins et al., 2016 ; Stensland et al., 2020
Daniel Weimar, Brian P. Soebbing, and Pamela Wicker
analysis. Finally, Morgulev et al. ( 2018 ) commented that the “use of social media analytics is a practice at the frontier of measuring fan engagement” (p. 217). The present study has two purposes, one thematical and one methodological in nature. The first purpose is to examine the effects of game
Rachel Allison and Chris Knoester
Self-reported sports fan identification among U.S. adults is high. In 2015, Gallup reported that 60% of American adults identified as sports fans, and a 2016 survey of U.S. adults found that 73% reported themselves to be fans or that they “closely followed a sport” ( Jones, 2015 ; Thorson
Jessica L. David, Matthew D. Powless, Jacqueline E. Hyman, DeJon M. Purnell, Jesse A. Steinfeldt, and Shelbi Fisher
capitalized on the popularity of the platform to build closer relationships with fans and enhance the consumer experience ( Browning & Sanderson, 2012 ). Teams and organizations can promote their brand and strengthen their fan base by engaging with followers through interactive marketing and promotional
