of sport literature that purport to tell us how to go on ethically when we are confronted by ethical quandaries like those featured in our above hard cases. The first goes by the name of formalism and argues that the relevant norms and standards that are needed to navigate successfully such hard
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R. Scott Kretchmar and Cesar R. Torres
values, gave way in the 1980s and early 1990s to broader theorizations of sport. The first such theory was known as formalism, and it grew out of Suits’s account of sport. According to formalism, “the various derivative notions of a game are to be defined exclusively in terms of its formal rules
Thomas A. Stoffregen
) claimed that perception can be direct, that is, that patterns in ambient energy are sufficient for perception to be veridical. Gibson proposed the concept of perceptual systems, as opposed to classical senses. Following Gibson, scholars have identified (often in mathematical formalisms) patterns in
Philip W. Fink, Sarah P. Shultz, Eva D’Hondt, Matthieu Lenoir, and Andrew P. Hills
center-of-mass movements on the variation in the structure of human postural sway . Journal of Biomechanics, 46 ( 3 ), 484 – 490 . PubMed ID: 23149080 doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.016 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.016 Ihlen , E.A. , & Vereijken , B. ( 2013 ). Multifractal formalisms of human
