The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of overload training on the function of peritoneal macrophages in rats, and to test the hypothesis that glutamine in vivo supplementation would partly reverse the eventual functional alterations induced by overload training in these cells. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (C), overload training group (E1), overload training and restore one week group (E2), glutamine-supplementation group (EG1), and glutamine-supplementation and restore 1-week group (EG2). All rats, except those placed on sedentary control were subjected to 11 weeks of overload training protocol. Blood hemoglobin, serum testosterone, and corticosterone of rats were measured. Moreover, the functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cytokines synthesis, reactive oxygen species generation) of peritoneal macrophages were determined. Data showed that blood hemoglobin, serum testosterone, corticosterone and body weight in the overload training group decreased significantly as compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the chemotaxis capacity (decreased by 31%, p = .003), the phagocytosis capacity (decreased by 27%, p = .005), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (decreased by 35%, p = .003) and the cytokines response capability of macrophages were inhibited by overload training. However, the hindering of phagocytosis and the cytokines response capability of macrophages induced by overload training could be ameliorated and reversed respectively, by dietary glutamine supplementation. These results suggest that overload training impairs the function of peritoneal macrophages, which is essential for the microbicidal actions of macrophages. This may represent a novel mechanism of immunodepression induced by overload training. Nonetheless, dietary glutamine supplementation could partly reverse the impaired macrophage function resulting from overload training.
Weihua Xiao, Peijie Chen, Jingmei Dong, Ru Wang, and Beibei Luo
James L. Farnsworth II, Todd Evans, Helen Binkley, and Minsoo Kang
supported when the items from a PROM are relevant and logical for the outcome of interest. For example, a knee-specific PROM should only include items that measure knee-specific function. Evidence of structural validity can be supported through an examination of the relationship between examinees and their
Sara Birch, Torben Bæk Hansen, Maiken Stilling, and Inger Mechlenburg
The majority of patients having a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) report large pain reduction and improvements in physical function and quality of life after TKA, but around 20% of the patients report persistent pain up to 6 months after the operation ( Beswick et al., 2012 ). Different causes for
Jennifer F. Mullins, Arthur J. Nitz, and Matthew C. Hoch
history of ankle sprain, ongoing bouts of ankle instability, and a decrease in patient-perceived function. 7 CAI is closely linked to the development of ankle osteoarthritis, which is associated with decreased ankle movement, decreased ability to perform daily activities, limited physical activity, and
Emily R. Hunt, Cassandra N. Parise, and Timothy A. Butterfield
the best and most current literature that measured the effects of conservative, nonoperative ACL treatment on quadriceps strength and patient-perceived function using isokinetic dynamometry, the single-leg hop test, or the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form. Focused
James L. Farnsworth II, Todd Evans, Helen Binkley, and Minsoo Kang
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) help clinicians evaluate patients’ perceptions of changes in their own health status. These tools are especially valuable for measuring attributes that cannot be directly measured, such as pain, or that are not pragmatic or feasible to measure (eg, function
Konstantina Katsoulis, Liza Stathokostas, and Catherine E. Amara
functional decline, and indeed, muscle power has been shown to be a crucial determinant of function in older adults ( Reid & Fielding, 2012 ). An explosion of interest in studying muscle power and its role in age-related functional decline has occurred in recent years with the goal to elucidate the
Barbara Resnick, Marie Boltz, Elizabeth Galik, Steven Fix, and Shijun Zhu
moderate-level physical activity (i.e., ≥3 metabolic equivalents or including activities such as walking up a flight of stairs or walking at 100 steps per minute). Given the combined cognitive and functional impairments of these residents, innovative approaches are needed to help them optimize function and
Elizabeth A. Schlenk, G. Kelley Fitzgerald, Joan C. Rogers, C. Kent Kwoh, and Susan M. Sereika
Osthoff et al., 2018 ). Three meta-analyses reported the benefits of physical activity interventions focused on lower-extremity exercise (LEE) and/or aerobic exercise in adults with lower-extremity OA with significant small to moderate effects on reducing pain (SMD = 0.20–0.50) and improving function (SMD
Ozgur Surenkok, Aydan Aytar, and Gul Baltaci
Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial effects of scapular mobilization (SM) on shoulder range of motion (ROM), scapular upward rotation, pain, and function.
Design:
Pretest–posttest for 3 groups (SM, sham, and control).
Setting:
A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the initial effect of the SM at a sports physiotherapy clinic.
Participants:
39 subjects (22 women, 17 men; mean age 54.30 ± 14.16 y, age range 20-77 y).
Interventions:
A visual analog scale, ROM, scapular upward rotation, and function were assessed before and just after SM. SM (n = 13) consisted of the application of superoinferior gliding, rotations, and distraction to the scapula. The sham (n = 13) condition replicated the treatment condition except for the hand positioning. The control group (n = 13) did not undergo any physiotherapy and rehabilitation program.
Main Outcome Measures:
Pain severity was assessed with a visual analog scale. Scapular upward rotation was measured with a baseline digital inclinometer. Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) was used to measure shoulder function.
Results:
After SM, we found significant improvements for shoulder ROM, scapular upward rotation, and CSS between pretreatment and posttreatment compared with the sham and control groups. In the sham group, shoulder-ROM values increased or decreased for the shoulder and scapular upward rotation was not changed. Pain, ROM, and physical function of the shoulder were not significantly different in the sham group than in controls (P > .05).
Conclusions:
SM may be a useful manual therapy technique to apply to participants with a painful limitation of the shoulder. SM increases ROM and decreases pain intensity.
