acceleration or a whip-lash mechanism (i.e., acceleration/deceleration) of the head ( McCrory et al., 2017 ). The impact causes shearing and stretching injuries to axons that impair neuronal function, resulting in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate), which creates an ionic imbalance
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Tracey Covassin, Kyle M. Petit, and Morgan Anderson
Eduardo Macedo Penna, Edson Filho, Samuel Penna Wanner, Bruno Teobaldo Campos, Gabriel Resende Quinan, Thiago Teixeira Mendes, Mitchell Robert Smith, and Luciano Sales Prado
); however, its effects on physical performance have only recently been investigated. The empirical evidence gathered to date suggests that mental fatigue does not impair short-duration activities requiring all-out strategies ( 18 ). However, mental fatigue has been shown to affect athletic performance in
Janet M. Boekhout, Brenda A.J. Berendsen, Denise A. Peels, Catherine A.W. Bolman, and Lilian Lechner
to 19% of the younger adults ( WHO, 2010b ). Among specific subpopulations of older adults, this lack of PA is even more prevalent, such as single older adults ( Masi, Chen, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2011 ; Toepoel, 2013 ) and adults with physical impairments ( WHO, 2011 ). Several studies have shown
Megan J. Huisingh-Scheetz, Li Li, Kristen E. Wroblewski, L. Philip Schumm, Martha K. McClintock, and Jayant M. Pinto
Ninety-four percentage of adults >57 years have at least one sensory deficit, making the burden of sensory impairment enormous ( Correia et al., 2016 ; Crews & Campbell, 2004 ; Murphy et al., 2002 ; Welge-Lüssen, 2009 ; Wickremaratchi & Llewelyn, 2006 ). Multisensory loss greatly reduces health
Nima Dehghansai, Veronica Allan, Ross A. Pinder, and Joe Baker
from the variations among PS athletes’ development ( Allan et al., 2018 ). For example, findings from recent studies suggest athletes with impairments acquired early in their lives (i.e., congenital or acquired during preadolescence) have different sporting trajectories to athletes with impairments
Keishi Soga, Keita Kamijo, and Hiroaki Masaki
impaired the recollection processing, whereas the familiarity process remained unaffected. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process, whereas adjacent cortex in the medial temporal lobe supports the familiarity process ( Cansino et al., 2002
Ali Brian, Sally Taunton, Lauren J. Lieberman, Pamela Haibach-Beach, John Foley, and Sara Santarossa
, DeMartelaer, Samaey, & Andries, 2008 ), which was the original intent of its developers ( Ulrich, 1985 , 2000 ). Given the frequency and severity of gross motor delays for individuals with visual impairments ( Haegele, Brian, & Goodway, 2015 ; Haibach, Wagner, & Lieberman, 2014 ; Houwen, Hartman
Luke Hogarth, Brendan Burkett, Peter Van de Vliet, and Carl Payton
In Para swimming, a functional classification system has been used to structure competition since the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. 1 Swimmers with physical, visual, and intellectual impairments compete in separate classes based on the estimated impact of their impairment on swim performance
Ryan McCann, Kyle Kosik, Masafumi Terada, and Phillip Gribble
Key Points • Patients with a lateral ankle sprain often sustain recurrent injuries after return to play. • Impairments and activity limitation persist beyond return to play from a lateral ankle sprain. • It remains unknown how these outcomes contribute to recurrent lateral ankle sprains. Athletic
Barry S. Mason, Viola C. Altmann, and Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
Paralympic sports, a classification system exists in order to minimize the impact of impairment on the outcomes of competition. 2 Classification in WR is largely dependent on the physical assessment of trunk and arm function. Point scores between 0 and 1.5 are awarded to represent trunk function. Both arms
