acceleration or a whip-lash mechanism (i.e., acceleration/deceleration) of the head ( McCrory et al., 2017 ). The impact causes shearing and stretching injuries to axons that impair neuronal function, resulting in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate), which creates an ionic imbalance
Eduardo Macedo Penna, Edson Filho, Samuel Penna Wanner, Bruno Teobaldo Campos, Gabriel Resende Quinan, Thiago Teixeira Mendes, Mitchell Robert Smith and Luciano Sales Prado
); however, its effects on physical performance have only recently been investigated. The empirical evidence gathered to date suggests that mental fatigue does not impair short-duration activities requiring all-out strategies ( 18 ). However, mental fatigue has been shown to affect athletic performance in
Janet M. Boekhout, Brenda A.J. Berendsen, Denise A. Peels, Catherine A.W. Bolman and Lilian Lechner
to 19% of the younger adults ( WHO, 2010b ). Among specific subpopulations of older adults, this lack of PA is even more prevalent, such as single older adults ( Masi, Chen, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2011 ; Toepoel, 2013 ) and adults with physical impairments ( WHO, 2011 ). Several studies have shown
Keishi Soga, Keita Kamijo and Hiroaki Masaki
impaired the recollection processing, whereas the familiarity process remained unaffected. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process, whereas adjacent cortex in the medial temporal lobe supports the familiarity process ( Cansino et al., 2002
Ali Brian, Sally Taunton, Lauren J. Lieberman, Pamela Haibach-Beach, John Foley and Sara Santarossa
, DeMartelaer, Samaey, & Andries, 2008 ), which was the original intent of its developers ( Ulrich, 1985 , 2000 ). Given the frequency and severity of gross motor delays for individuals with visual impairments ( Haegele, Brian, & Goodway, 2015 ; Haibach, Wagner, & Lieberman, 2014 ; Houwen, Hartman
Barry S. Mason, Viola C. Altmann and Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
Paralympic sports, a classification system exists in order to minimize the impact of impairment on the outcomes of competition. 2 Classification in WR is largely dependent on the physical assessment of trunk and arm function. Point scores between 0 and 1.5 are awarded to represent trunk function. Both arms
Ryan McCann, Kyle Kosik, Masafumi Terada and Phillip Gribble
Key Points • Patients with a lateral ankle sprain often sustain recurrent injuries after return to play. • Impairments and activity limitation persist beyond return to play from a lateral ankle sprain. • It remains unknown how these outcomes contribute to recurrent lateral ankle sprains. Athletic
Justin A. Haegele and T. Nicole Kirk
impairments tend to be less physically active than their sighted peers ( Haegele & Porretta, 2015 ) as well as peers with other physical and sensory disabilities ( Longmuir & Bar-Or, 2000 ). Researchers have identified several barriers that can limit active participation in physical activities, including in
Xihe Zhu and Justin A. Haegele
used in adapted physical activity research examining physical activity among individuals with disabilities ( Cervantes & Porretta, 2010 ; Leung, Siebert, & Yun, 2017 ), including those with visual impairments ( Ayvazoglu, Oh, & Kozub, 2006 ; Brian et al., 2019 ; Cervantes & Porretta, 2013 ; Haegele
Justin A. Haegele, Takahiro Sato, Xihe Zhu and T. Nicole Kirk
In recent years, several studies have explored the experiential perspectives of youth with visual impairments (i.e., those with low vision and complete blindness) toward their physical education experiences ( de Schipper, Lieberman, & Moody, 2017 ; Haegele, Sato, Zhu, & Avery, 2017 ; Haegele
