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acceleration or a whip-lash mechanism (i.e., acceleration/deceleration) of the head ( McCrory et al., 2017 ). The impact causes shearing and stretching injuries to axons that impair neuronal function, resulting in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate), which creates an ionic imbalance

); however, its effects on physical performance have only recently been investigated. The empirical evidence gathered to date suggests that mental fatigue does not impair short-duration activities requiring all-out strategies ( 18 ). However, mental fatigue has been shown to affect athletic performance in

to 19% of the younger adults ( WHO, 2010b ). Among specific subpopulations of older adults, this lack of PA is even more prevalent, such as single older adults ( Masi, Chen, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2011 ; Toepoel, 2013 ) and adults with physical impairments ( WHO, 2011 ). Several studies have shown

, DeMartelaer, Samaey, & Andries, 2008 ), which was the original intent of its developers ( Ulrich, 1985 , 2000 ). Given the frequency and severity of gross motor delays for individuals with visual impairments ( Haegele, Brian, & Goodway, 2015 ; Haibach, Wagner, & Lieberman, 2014 ; Houwen, Hartman

In Para swimming, a functional classification system has been used to structure competition since the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. 1 Swimmers with physical, visual, and intellectual impairments compete in separate classes based on the estimated impact of their impairment on swim performance

Paralympic sports, a classification system exists in order to minimize the impact of impairment on the outcomes of competition. 2 Classification in WR is largely dependent on the physical assessment of trunk and arm function. Point scores between 0 and 1.5 are awarded to represent trunk function. Both arms

Key Points • Patients with a lateral ankle sprain often sustain recurrent injuries after return to play. • Impairments and activity limitation persist beyond return to play from a lateral ankle sprain. • It remains unknown how these outcomes contribute to recurrent lateral ankle sprains. Athletic

., 2013 ; Vallance et al., 2011 ; Zhai et al., 2015 ) and anxiety (e.g.,  Goodwin, 2003 ; Stubbs et al., 2017 ). Despite this, reports indicate that the majority of adults with visual impairments do not typically meet physical activity guidelines ( Carroll et al., 2014 ; Holbrook et al., 2009

impairments tend to be less physically active than their sighted peers ( Haegele & Porretta, 2015 ) as well as peers with other physical and sensory disabilities ( Longmuir & Bar-Or, 2000 ). Researchers have identified several barriers that can limit active participation in physical activities, including in