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 al., 2005 ; Holt, 2016 ). While each of these factors can positively influence athletes’ experiences and developmental outcomes, these same factors can negatively influence athletes’ sport experiences ( Fraser-Thomas & Côté, 2009 ; Yabe et al., 2018 ). Growing awareness of incidence of maltreatment such

) framework to investigate abusive behavior of fans directed at athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine abuse and maltreatment directed at Chicago Bears kicker Cody Parkey after he missed a critical field goal in a playoff game. On Sunday, January 6, 2019, the Chicago Bears faced off against the

participants in youth sport and may be particularly pertinent for those in higher levels of competition. Maltreatment and abuse in youth sport represent risks for young participants with particularly severe consequences ( Kerr, Battaglia, & Stirling, 2019 ). Among other vulnerable groups, children are at

community youth sport in the U.S., reports in the media continue to highlight the significance of this problem. Studies using a variety of methodologies are emerging and report significant rates of sexual, physical, and emotional maltreatment of young athletes. For example, due to variations in the methods

), and Canada’s national team alpine skiing coach, Bertrand Charest, who sexually abused his female athletes ( Donovan, 2019 ), are some of many examples. Stemming from the child abuse literature, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect are covered by the term “maltreatment.” Crooks

essential that the growing concerns over child maltreatment, physical and sexual abuse, bullying, and neglect in youth sport be addressed ( Kerr et al., 2019 ; Mountjoy et al., 2016 ; Noble & Vermillion, 2014 ; Nurse, 2018 ). These concerns are well founded, with a reported 1 in 10 U.S. children being

consumers in online spaces. In fact, the virtual maltreatment of athletes is a rapidly emerging and highly significant problem in contemporary sport. Therefore, further enquiry is required relating to how high-profile women such as athletes experience gender-based online violence while in their place of

been created through the investigation process. Cumulatively, the researchers who conducted the study have extensive knowledge of the maltreatment and coaching literature and experience within sport as former athletes, instructors, and sport psychology consultants. The principle investigator