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and impact experienced in running on land. 7 However, participants need to overcome water resistance and turbulence in an unstable floating environment. 8 Therefore, it is reasonable to query to what extent trunk muscle activation to stabilize the body during DWR differs from that needed on land. 9

Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation techniques enable estimates of variables that influence movement, including muscle activations and forces. Many of these variables are not commonly determined in human experiments because of the significant pain and discomfort to the subject with approaches

. The effect of different squat skills on muscle activation, such as wall squat or single-leg squat, has been examined in previous literatures. Ayotte et al 6 compared the differences of muscle activities of gluteal muscles, biceps femoris, and vastus medialis among wall squat, minisquat, and step

tissue. 19 Related to this idea, it is important to understand how different ambulatory aids used during nonweight bearing can affect muscle activation. This understanding will assist physical rehabilitation professionals in recommending an ambulatory aid for a particular patient based on rehabilitation

(decrease in motor unit activation, firing frequency, and reflex inhibition from afferent types III and IV) that reduce muscle activation, (b) mechanical factors (changes in the viscoelastic properties of the musculotendinous unit or changes in the angle–torque relationship) that affect the transmittal of

electromyography, were found to be higher in race walking than in running. 15 However, the key factor that might facilitate a more efficient oxygen cost of transport is the timing of muscle activation during the gait cycle, 16 as preactivation of lower limb posterior musculature has been found to relate to the

). In the exercise domain, studies have measured muscle activation (i.e., motor unit activation) while performing isometric muscle contractions ( Bray et al., 2008 ; Graham, Sonne, & Bray, 2014 ) and endurance cycling ( Pageaux, Marcora, Rozand, & Lepers, 2015 ). These studies have shown that

programs with LPHC-focused exercises to reduce pain, alleviate disability, improve subjective function, and increase objective measures, such as strength, mobility, and endurance. 3 , 7 , 8 Muscle activation is one method that can be used to assist clinicians in selecting appropriate exercises, depending

the bladder as needed while paddling in the ocean for extended periods of time. If the bladder can assist the surfer in maintaining the proper prone posture while paddling through passive extension of the trunk, this may result in less muscle activation of back, neck, and shoulder extensor muscles

could be increased with passive manual assistance of scapula into upward rotation and posterior tilt during static shoulder abduction in both asymptomatic individuals and patients with SAIS. They suggested that measuring the scapular and/or rotator cuff muscle activation might explain the changes in AHD