training in combination with inadequate recovery can result in a decline in performance with or without related physiological and/or psychological signs and symptoms. 4 Resulting maladaptive conditions may include functional overreaching (FOR), nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR), or the overtraining
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Clementine Grandou, Lee Wallace, Aaron J. Coutts, Lee Bell, and Franco M. Impellizzeri
Travis Anderson, Laurie Wideman, Flavio A. Cadegiani, and Claudio E. Kater
extend this supposition, it is theoretically reasonable to conceptualize an inverted “U” type response of the CAR across the training/overtraining continuum; however, what constitutes a normal or healthy value at each point on this continuum, for any specific athlete or training program, is certainly
Jonathon Weakley, Shona L. Halson, and Iñigo Mujika
Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a condition associated with a long-term imbalance between training and recovery. 1 First reported in the scientific literature in the 1930s, 2 it is characterized by performance decrements, fatigue, and mood disturbances and has been proposed to affect between 20
Guro Strøm Solli, Espen Tønnessen, and Øyvind Sandbakk
overreaching or overtraining syndrome, defined as a prolonged maladaptation leading to a decrease in the ability to perform at established levels for a prolonged period. 8 – 12 The overtraining condition is associated with a range of symptoms, such as increased perception of effort during exercise, frequent
Nils Haller, Tobias Ehlert, Sebastian Schmidt, David Ochmann, Björn Sterzing, Franz Grus, and Perikles Simon
and consequently, to maintain game performance because a lack of sufficient recovery may result in decreased performance, overtraining, illness, or injury. 4 A variety of options for player monitoring leads to a disagreement about the ideal approach. 4 Questionnaires or the assessment of load
Flavio A. Cadegiani, Pedro Henrique L. Silva, Tatiana C.P. Abrao, and Claudio E. Kater
Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a sport-derived disease that results in an unexplained decrease in sport performance and is experienced by the majority of elite athletes at least once in their lifetime. 1 – 4 It is differentiated from other impaired states in sport by the prolonged time course to
Daniel Birrer
the pain and pushing your body hard. That kind of sport culture encourages overtraining” ( Richardson, Andersen, & Morris, 2008 , p. 159). The reported prevalence of overtraining varies widely, ranging from 5% to 60% ( Birrer, Lienhard, Williams, Röthlin, & Morgan, 2013 ; Kreher, 2016 ). Given the
Heidi L. Meehan, Stephen J. Bull, Dan M. Wood, and David V.B. James
The present study explored the experiences of five competitive endurance athletes (1 female, 4 male) diagnosed with the overtraining syndrome (OTS). A multicontextual method of inquiry was used, which first involved a medical examination whereby OTS was diagnosed according to established criteria. In addition, 2 questionnaires were administered: the Athlete Daily Hassle Scale (Albinson & Pearce, 1998) and the Coping Response Inventory (Moos, 1992), and a semistructured interview was conducted. Individual case studies were then developed and cross-case analysis carried out. Findings from the present study illustrate that together with sport stress, nonsport stress appears to make an important contribution to the experience of those athletes diagnosed with the OTS. This finding provides evidence to support anecdotes in previous reports.
Jinger S. Gottschall, Joshua J. Davis, Bryce Hastings, and Heather J. Porter
the neuroendocrine system demonstrates signs of overload due to the extreme demand of physical training without appropriate recovery. 10 It is a pathophysiologic state on the spectrum of overtraining where the training stimulus it too great or recovery is not adequate. Previous literature has
Judy D. Goss
The personality construct of hardiness has been introduced as a moderator in the stress-illness relationship. Hardy individuals are thought to alter their appraisal of stress into a less stressful form. Mood disturbances have been found to be a product of intensive physical training. This investigation examines the relationships between hardiness and mood disturbances in swimmers who are overtraining and between hardiness, mood disturbances, and coping behaviors. Swimmers (N=253) from eight universities and seven competitive club programs completed the Cognitive Hardiness Inventory, the Profile of Mood States, the Everly Coping Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale at the beginning of their competitive season, and at two 7-week intervals. Hardy swimmers experienced fewer mood disturbances during the season than nonhardy swimmers. Specifically, hardy swimmers had lower feelings of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and higher feelings of vigor. Hardy swimmers also possessed more adaptive coping behaviors.
