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Para-cycling was first introduced in the Paralympic Games in New York in 1984, with only road events to start with. From 1996, para–track cycling was added to the Paralympic Games. While there is an increasing amount of research being published on the training and race characteristics of elite

handcycling time-trial results were obtained retrospectively from the UCI’s website ( Union Cycliste Internationale, 2018 ; https://www.uci.org/para-cycling/results ) from 2014 until 2019, that is, the beginning of the current classification system up to the start of the current research study. Data from

. Results Sport Career Athletes were involved in a variety of sports, including boccia ( n  = 3), Para archery ( n  = 11), Para athletics ( n  = 22), Para badminton ( n  = 13), Para cycling ( n  = 33), Para ice hockey ( n  = 4), Para snowboard ( n  = 1), Para swimming ( n  = 14), Para table tennis ( n  = 28

1 4 Para equestrian 1 21.83 1 1 Para judo 1 44.65 1 1 Para cycling 33 34.22 12.15 27.38 9.4 15 4 3 9 6 8 8 3 6 Para Nordic 2 38.94 18 1 1 2 Para table tennis 28 29.96 12.19 14.94 10.07 14 3 8 1 2 8 8 4 8 Para triathlon 1 35.99 1 1 Para ice hockey 4 27.35 7.30 19.67 2.08 1 3 1 2 1 Para snowboard 1 27

capabilities in preparation for ultra-endurance cycling events. 29 References 1. Union Cycliste Internationale . Cycling Regulations, Part 16 Para-Cycling . 2019 . 2. Abel T , Burkett B , Schneider S , Lindschulten R , Struder HK . The exercise profile of an ultra-long handcycling race: the

carried out with wheelchair athletes, and one or more of the following sports were tested in the same study: wheelchair racing, basketball, rugby, athletics (track), table tennis, para-cycling, and triathlons. Studies conducted with European athletes were from the United Kingdom ( Graham-Paulson et

. References 1. Abel T , Vanlandewijck Y , Verellen J . Handcycling . In: Goosey-Tolfrey V , ed. Wheelchair Sport . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics ; 2010 . 2. Union Cycliste Internationale . Cycling Regulations, Part 16 Para-Cycling . 2019 . 3. Abel T , Schneider S , Platen P

the literature for Para swimmers and able-bodied swimmers. One assumption that may be made is that athletes with physical impairments do not train in similar durations to able-bodied counterparts, but our data reveal that this is not always the case. Regarding Para cycling and Para athletics, we were

authors would like to thank all participants who took part in this study. References 1. Union Cycliste Internationale . Cycling Regulations, Part 16 Para-Cycling . Author. 2019 . 2. Stone B , Mason BS , Bundon A , Goosey-Tolfrey VL . Elite handcycling: a qualitative analysis of recumbent