In this study we tested the effect of zinc (Zn) on muscle function in humans. After receiving 12 mg Zn/day for 17 days. 8 male subjects received 0.3 mg Zn/day tor either 33 or 41 days. Subjects were divided into two groups for repletion. Group A subjects received overnight infusions of 66 mg Zn on Days 1 and 10 and then were fed 12 mg Zn/day for another 16 days. Group B subjects were fed 12 mg Zn/day for 3 weeks. Peak force and total work capacity of the knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscle groups were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at baseline, at two points during depletion, and at repletion. Plasma Zn declined significantly during depletion and remained below baseline levels after repletion. The peak force of the muscle groups tesied was not affected by acute Zn depletion: however, total work capacity for the knee extensor muscles and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles declined significantly. The data suggest that acute Zn depletion alters the total work capacity of skeletal muscle.
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Marta D. Van Loan, Barbara Sutherland, Nicola M. Lowe, Judith R. Turnlund, and Janet C. King
Paul Comfort, Thomas Dos’Santos, Paul A. Jones, John J. McMahon, Timothy J. Suchomel, Caleb Bazyler, and Michael H. Stone
application of force during such activities. 2 , 3 For example, during high-velocity sprinting, foot contact times can be much less than 250 milliseconds, with a progressive decline in contact time as running velocity increases. 6 , 7 Interestingly, there is a strong association between isometric peak force
Richard A. Brindle, David Ebaugh, and Clare E. Milner
tester exceeds the patient’s maximum isometric force and pushes the limb down. 4 – 6 The peak force recorded by the handheld dynamometer is assumed to be generated while the leg is being lowered (the lowering phase). However, the time of the peak force during this test has not been established. Thus, it
Nick Dobbin, Richard Hunwicks, Ben Jones, Kevin Till, Jamie Highton, and Craig Twist
when compared against the same exercise conducted on a force platform. In that study, validity was assessed using a relatively small sample size of recreationally active participants (N = 15) and no attempt was made to understand the ability of the simplified apparatus to differentiate peak-force
Arthur E. Lynch, Robert W. Davies, Joanna M. Allardyce, and Brian P. Carson
maximal strength are not as well known. This distinction is important, given the test and metric specific nature of ILA. 9 Peak force (PF) assessment in the isometric squat (ISq) is a test of maximal strength that has demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability across multiple investigations
Thomas Dos’Santos, Paul A. Jones, Jonathan Kelly, John J. McMahon, Paul Comfort, and Christopher Thomas
Skeletal-muscle function can be evaluated using force-time curves generated during dynamic and isometric activities. Peak force (PF) and peak rate of force development (RFD) are commonly assessed 1 – 5 and have been reported to relate to various athletic performance tasks including baseball
Ty B. Palmer, Jose G. Pineda, and Rachel M. Durham
Strength-based performance characteristics, such as peak force (PF) and rate of force development (RFD), are commonly measured to assess functional ability, 1 discriminate between athletes of different performance levels, 2 and monitor neuromuscular performance changes in response to training or
Christopher Thomas, Paul A. Jones, and Paul Comfort
Purpose:
To determine the reliability of the Dynamic Strength Index (DSI) in college athletes.
Method:
Nineteen male college athletes performed the squat jump (SJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) to determine peak force, on 2 separate days. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), percentage change in the mean, smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and coefficient of variation (%CV).
Results:
Peak force for the SJ was 2137 ± 499 N and 2781 ± 435 N for the IMTP, resulting in a mean DSI of 0.78 ± 0.19. Peak forces in the SJ (ICC = .99, TE = 57.22 N, change in mean = 0.2%, SWC = 4.7%, CV = 2.6%) and IMTP (ICC = .95, TE = 104.22 N, change in mean = 0.5%, SWC = 3.1%, CV = 3.8%) were considered highly reliable between sessions. However, IMTP peak force was the only variable with an overall TE < SWC. The DSI was also highly reliable (ICC = .97, TE = 0.03, change in mean = −0.3%, SWC = 5.1%, CV = 4.6%) between sessions.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that peak force in the SJ and IMTP are reliable, resulting in a reliable assessment of dynamic-force-production capabilities via the DSI. The DSI may be used to guide individualized training interventions and monitor specific adaptations to training. Changes in SJ peak force, IMTP peak force, and DSI were >4.67%, 3.13%, and 5.13%, respectively, identifying meaningful changes in response to training or competition.
Roger O. Kollock, Bonnie Van Lunen, Stacie I. Ringleb, and James Onate
The ability to produce force rapidly and to maintain it is essential to sports performance. Although rapid force production and endurance are indispensable characteristics of optimal health and performance, assessing these qualities of strength is difficult because of clinician time constraints. The purpose of this study was to determine if peak force is a predictor of rate of force production and strength endurance. The results indicated peak force is a predictor of rate of force development, but not strength endurance. Clinicians should assess both maximum strength and endurance to gain a more complete picture of lower extremity strength deficits.
Kieran P. Young, G. Gregory Haff, Robert U. Newton, and Jeremy M. Sheppard
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an isometric-bench-press (IBP) test performed across 4 elbow angles and a ballistic bench throw (BBT) using a relative load, as well as evaluating the reliability of the dynamic strength index (DSI: BBT peak force/IBP peak force).
Methods:
Twenty-four elite male athletes performed the IBP and a 45% 1-repetition-maximum BBT on 2 separate days with 48 h between testing occasions. Peak force, peak power, peak velocity, peak displacement, and peak rate of force development (PRFD) were assessed using a force plate and linear position transducer. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation (ICC), coefficient of variation (%CV) and typical error.
Results:
Performance measures in the BBT, such as peak force, peak velocity, peak power, and peak displacement, were considered reliable (ICC = .85–.92, %CV = 1.7–3.3), while PRFD was not (ICC = .43, %CV = 4.1). Similarly, for the IBP, peak force across all angles was considered reliable (ICC = .89–.97, %CV = 1.2–1.6), while PRFD was not (ICC = .56–.65, %CV = 0.5–7.6). The DSI was also reliable (ICC = .93, %CV = 3.5).
Conclusions:
Performance measures such as peak force in the IBP and BBT are reliable when assessing upper-body pressing-strength qualities in elite male athletes. Furthermore, the DSI is reliable and could potentially be used to detect qualities of relative deficiency and guide specific training interventions.
