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Sociodemographic Factors, Population Density, and Bicycling for Transportation in the United States

Eileen K. Nehme, Adriana Pérez, Nalini Ranjit, Benjamin C. Amick III, and Harold W. Kohl III

Background:

Transportation bicycling is a behavior with demonstrated health benefits. Population-representative studies of transportation bicycling in United States are lacking. This study examined associations between sociodemographic factors, population density, and transportation bicycling and described transportation bicyclists by trip purposes, using a US-representative sample.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study used 2009 National Household Travel Survey datasets. Associations among study variables were assessed using weighted multivariable logistic regression.

Results:

On a typical day in 2009, 1% of Americans older than 5 years of age reported a transportation bicycling trip. Transportation cycling was inversely associated with age and directly with being male, with being white, and with population density (≥ 10,000 vs < 500 people/square mile: odd ratio, 2.78, 95% confidence interval, 1.54–5.05). Those whose highest level of education was a high school diploma or some college were least likely to bicycle for transportation. Twenty-one percent of transportation bicyclists reported trips to work, whereas 67% reported trips to social or other activities.

Conclusions:

Transportation bicycling in the United States is associated with sociodemographic characteristics and population density. Bicycles are used for a variety of trip purposes, which has implications for transportation bicycling research based on commuter data and for developing interventions to promote this behavior.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 13 (2016): Issue 1 (Jan 2016)

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Walk, Bicycle, and Transit Trips of Transit-Dependent and Choice Riders in the 2009 United States National Household Travel Survey

Ugo Lachapelle

Background:

Previous research has shown that public transit use may be associated with active transportation. Access to a car may influence active transportation of transit riders.

Methods:

Using the 2009 United States National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), transit users ≥ 16 years old (n = 25,550) were categorized according to driver status and number of cars and drivers in the household. This typology ranged from choice transit riders (ie, “fully motorized drivers”) to transit-dependent riders (ie, “unmotorized nondriver”). Transit trips, walking trips, and bicycling trips of transit users are estimated in negative binomial models against the car availability typology.

Results:

Sixteen percent of participants took transit in the past month; most (86%) lived in car-owning households. As income increased, car availability also increased. Transit user groups with lower car availability were generally more likely than fully motorized drivers to take more public transit, walking, and bicycle trips. Transit riders have varying levels of vehicle access; their use of combinations of alternative modes of transportation fluctuates accordingly. Transit-dependent individuals without cars or sharing cars used active transportation more frequently than car owners.

Conclusion:

Policies to reduce vehicle ownership in households may enable increases in the use of alternative modes of transportation for transit users, even when cars are still owned.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 12 (2015): Issue 8 (Aug 2015)

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LGBT Diversity and Inclusion, Community Characteristics, and Success

George B. Cunningham and Calvin Nite

factors relate to the LGBT inclusion—organizational performance relationship. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap. We included two measures to assess the influence of community: LGBT population density, or the relative number of sexual minorities in the state, and the state-level implicit bias

Cover Journal of Sport Management

In Journal of Sport Management Volume 34 (2020): Issue 6 (Nov 2020)

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Moving Toward Active Lifestyles: The Change of Transit-Related Walking to Work From 2009 to 2017

Chia-Yuan Yu and Biyuan Wang

, 5 , 10 , 18 such as race (European American, African American, Asian, Hispanic, and other); gender; age; education level (less than high school, high school, undergraduate, and graduate); household income (<$15,000, $15,000–$34,999, $35,000–$74,999, and >$75,000); population density in residence

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 17 (2020): Issue 2 (Feb 2020)

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Do Poorer Children Have Poorer Playgrounds? A Geographically Weighted Analysis of Attractiveness, Cleanliness, and Safety of Playgrounds in Affluent and Deprived Urban Neighborhoods

Christoph Buck, Anca Bolbos, and Sven Schneider

official statistics were available to us for each of these 44 social areas including classic indicators such as population density in 1000 per km 2 , the percentage of the population with a migrant background, the percentage of children and adolescents (<18 y old), and the percentage of single

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 16 (2019): Issue 6 (Jun 2019)

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Relationships Between the Built Environment and Walking and Weight Status Among Older Women in Three U.S. States

Philip J. Troped, Heather A. Starnes, Robin C. Puett, Kosuke Tamura, Ellen K. Cromley, Peter James, Eran Ben-Joseph, Steven J. Melly, and Francine Laden

There are few studies of built environment associations with physical activity and weight status among older women in large geographic areas that use individual residential buffers to define environmental exposures. Among 23,434 women (70.0 ± 6.9 yr; range = 57–85) in 3 states, relationships between objective built environment variables and meeting physical activity recommendations via walking and weight status were examined. Differences in associations by population density and state were explored in stratified models. Population density (odds ratio [OR] =1.04 [1.02, 1.07]), intersection density (ORs = 1.18–1.28), and facility density (ORs = 1.01–1.53) were positively associated with walking. Density of physical activity facilities was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 0.69 [0.49, 0.96]). The strongest associations between facility density variables and both outcomes were found among women from higher population density areas. There was no clear pattern of differences in associations across states. Among older women, relationships between accessible facilities and walking may be most important in more densely populated settings.

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

In Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Volume 22 (2014): Issue 1 (Jan 2014)

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Transit-Related Walking to Work in Promoting Physical Activity

Chia-Yuan Yu and Hsien-Chang Lin

Background:

Transit-related walking to work is a potential strategy for incorporating physical activity into daily life and promoting health benefits. This study estimated the transit-related walking time for work trips on the journey to and from work and examined the predictors of transit users who walked to/from transit and the workplace and those who walked 30 minutes or more per day.

Methods:

This study used the 2009 National Household Travel Survey and identified 772 subjects who took transit to/from work, 355 subjects who walked to/from transit and the workplace, and 145 subjects who walked 30 minutes or more per day among the 40,659 workers. Weighted logistic regressions were used for the analysis.

Results:

Of the people who walked to/from transit and the workplace, 40.9% walked 30 minutes or more per day. The weighted logistic regressions revealed that low-income groups and workers living in high population density areas were more likely to walk to/from transit and the workplace. Workers living in high population density areas were more likely to walk 30 minutes or more per day.

Conclusions:

Transit-related walking to work provides an opportunity to increase physical activity levels and to meet the physical activity recommendations.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 12 (2015): Issue 4 (Apr 2015)

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Influence of Pubertal Stage on Local Sweating Patterns of Girls Exercising in the Heat

Boguslaw Wilk, Nola Pender, Kim Volterman, Oded Bar-Or, and Brian W. Timmons

The influence of puberty on sweating patterns of girls exercising in the heat is not known. Nine- to 17-year-old girls, representing 4 stages of breast development: T1 (n = 21); T2 (n = 22); T3 (n = 25); and T4 (n = 22), cycled for 20 min at 60% in 35 °C. The population density of heat activated sweat glands was higher in T1 vs T3 and T4 and in T2 vs T4. Sweat drop area was lower in T1 vs T3 and in T1 vs T4, T2 vs T4 and T3 vs T4. The proportion of skin covered by sweat was lower in T1 vs T4. Sweating patterns of girls exercising in the heat are influenced by pubertal stage.

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science

In Pediatric Exercise Science Volume 25 (2013): Issue 2 (Jan 2013)

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Development of a Pedestrian Walkability Database of Northern Kentucky Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

William Hansen, Ned Kalapasev, Amy Gillespie, Mary Singler, and Marsha Ball

Background:

Rising obesity rates in the United States has spurred efforts by health advocates to encourage more active lifestyles including walking. Ensuring the availability, quality, and safety of pedestrian walkways has become an important issue for government at all levels.

Methods:

Pedestrian paths in Campbell County Kentucky were evaluated using a ranking criteria developed by the Walking and Bicycling Suitability Assessment (WABSA) project at the University of North Carolina School of Public Health. A pedestrian path Geographic Information System (GIS) data-layer was created, and mobile GIS units were used to assess the sidewalk segments using the ranking. Data from sidewalk surveys were compared with Census 2000 block group information on age of housing, population density, and household transportation characteristics to examine the correlation between these factors and sidewalk presence and quality. The analysis explored the use of census data to predict walkability factors and looked for trends in quality and availability of pedestrian paths over time.

Results:

Results showed higher overall scores for older urban areas adjacent to the Ohio River and Cincinnati. Housing built in the 1970s and 1980s showed the lowest scores, while more recent housing showed improvement over earlier decades. Age of housing was determined to be a useful predictor, while economic and population density attributes showed no correlation with walkability factors.

Conclusion:

Census housing age data are the most useful predictor of walkability demonstrating clear trends over time. The study shows improvements in walkways availability over the past few decades; however, infrastructure improvements are needed to provide more extensive pedestrian walkways and linkages between existing walkways in Campbell County.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 6 (2009): Issue 3 (May 2009)

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Neighborhood Perceptions and Active Commuting to School Among Adolescent Boys and Girls

Norah M. Nelson and Catherine B. Woods

Background:

Active commuting (AC) to school can increase daily minutes of physical activity yet research is lacking on its determinants. This study examined perceptions of the physical environment as a correlate of AC among adolescents.

Methods:

Cross-sectional data were collected from 1143 males and 1016 females (mean age 16.04 ± 0.66) who lived within 2.5 miles of their school. Participants’ self-reported active (walk or cycle) or inactive (car, bus, or train) mode of travel to school and perceptions of their neighborhood environment. Bivariate logistic regression examined perceived environmental features associated with active versus inactive modes, adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Significant variables were examined in multivariate models, adjusted for population density and distance.

Results:

Positive correlates of AC included well-lit streets, land-use-mix diversity, access to shops/public transport, the presence of public parks/bike lanes, and accessible well-maintained paths. Connectivity was unrelated to mode choice. In multivariate analyses, land-use-mix diversity, and the perceived presence of public parks remained significant among males, whereas excess traffic speed, shops within walking distance, and paths separate from the road remained significant among females.

Conclusions:

Environmental characteristics were associated with active commuting to school, however research must address methodological issues before making recommendations for intervention.

Cover Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In Journal of Physical Activity and Health Volume 7 (2010): Issue 2 (Mar 2010)