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behavioral characteristics would help appropriately design rehabilitation interventions before a patient returns to his or her sport activities. To assess deficits in the awareness of knee joint position following ACL injury and/or reconstruction, the position-reproducing task has been the most applied in

contraction. 6 As body positions change and postural demands increase, such as when moving from supine to seated to standing positions, the diaphragm’s ability to maintain both respiration and postural stabilization roles may be challenged, thus increasing the propensity for altered breathing mechanics in

characteristics, and environmental variables. 6 Therefore, CdA plays an important role in cycling, but is often overlooked, particularly within the sprint. Depending on the equipment and position of a cyclist on the bicycle, aerodynamic resistance represents approximately 95% of the total resistive forces

joint and in all possible positions it can adopt. In rehabilitation of severe CNS pathological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or cerebrovascular accidents, different reflex methods (Vöjta 1 and Brunkow 2 methods) have been used to facilitate muscle activity. These methods achieve coordinated

pathologies. 5 However, hip rotation ROM can be tested in supine with the hip flexed to 90°, 3 seated with the hip flexed to 90°, 6 or prone with the hip extended to neutral. 4 , 7 There is no standardized position for measuring hip rotation. Knowledge regarding the reliability of different hip rotation

articular surface. 13 , 14 During throwing, the internal rotators produce concentric work from the position of maximal external rotation to accelerate the upper arm forward, whereas the external muscles act to decelerate and stabilize this concentric work to prevent joint functional instability and

During the golf swing, players must coordinate the legs as one method to regulate linear and angular impulse generation to satisfy the whole-body mechanical objectives. 1 On the course, players also need to modify their address position by changing their lower-extremity configurations to

Kinesthesia, the sense of body movement, is widely acknowledged to play an important role in functional mobility. Both proprioceptive receptors (eg, muscle spindles) and cutaneous receptors (eg, Ruffini corpuscles) can provide sensory feedback related to body segment position or velocity, thus

previous studies have suggested the ankle position as a factor that may affect the QF strengthening exercise. 17 , 18 In these studies, the active dorsiflexion (AD) or active plantar flexion (AP) position was found to have superior QF electromyography (EMG) activity than the neutral position (NP), and the