prescribed levels of training intensity. From a biophysical perspective, average mechanical power output (hereafter called “power output”) over one or more stroke cycles constitutes a suitable measure to control rowers’ compliance with training intensity as it is (1) strongly related to a rower’s rate of
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Lotte L. Lintmeijer, A.J. “Knoek” van Soest, Freek S. Robbers, Mathijs J. Hofmijster, and Peter J. Beek
Owen Jeffries, Mark Waldron, Stephen D. Patterson, and Brook Galna
Pacing refers to an athlete’s distribution of work or energy across an event. 1 , 2 Athletes vary their physical output (ie, mechanical power output) to accommodate physiological or psychological constraints, for strategic racing purposes, or due to changing environmental factors. 2 , 3
Irineu Loturco, Timothy Suchomel, Chris Bishop, Ronaldo Kobal, Lucas A. Pereira, and Michael McGuigan
considers at the same time the force and velocity applied to the barbell, thus optimizing the power production in this external implement. This load is usually determined in a progressive load test, performed until a decrease in subject’s power output is observed. 16 , 17 Nonetheless, it appears that these
Jeremiah J. Peiffer, Chris R. Abbiss, Eric C. Haakonssen, and Paolo Menaspà
from male cyclists to their female counterparts. For instance, lower whole-body muscle mass 16 has been observed in female compared with male athletes, which can influence peak power output, 17 whereas a slower rate of force production during a maximal sprint, irrespective of muscle mass, has been
Ryota Akagi, Yuta Nomura, Chiho Kawashima, Mari Ito, Kosuke Oba, Yuma Tsuchiya, Geoffrey A. Power, and Kosuke Hirata
concerning as age-related reductions in muscle power output have a greater implication than weakness (i.e., strength) on performance of daily tasks and functional independence ( Evans, 2000 ). In other words, both maximal muscle power output and neuromuscular fatigue resistance assessed with muscle power as
Max R. McKenzie, Luke W. Hogarth, Mark R. McKean, Danielle P. Doyle, and Brendan J. Burkett
temperature during a transition phase compared with warm clothing (control) intervention, (2) test the effect of heating on bench-pull muscular power output compared with control, and (3) establish the association between skin temperature and bench-pull power output. To our knowledge, this is one of the first
Arthur H. Bossi, Cristian Mesquida, Louis Passfield, Bent R. Rønnestad, and James G. Hopker
˙ O 2 max can exceed 15 minutes if power output is adjusted according to expired gas responses. In comparison, constant work rate exercise or HIIT performed to exhaustion produces time at >90% or > 95 % V ˙ O 2 max of only a few minutes. 1 – 3 , 6 , 7 , 10 Billat et al 10 used a protocol that
Seiichiro Takei, Kuniaki Hirayama, and Junichi Okada
strength and conditioning settings. 2 , 3 Many studies have shown the effectiveness of the use of optimal load to generate the highest power output. 4 , 5 The reported optimal load for HPC varies among studies, ranging from 65% to 80% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). 6 – 10 This inconsistency may derive
Jesús G. Pallares, Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Xabier Muriel, Manuel Mateo-March, David Barranco-Gil, and Alejandro Lucia
Helsinki. Study Design The study lasted from mid-November 2021 until mid-March 2022. Participants performed 3 simulated outdoor TTs, with a duration of 1, 5, and 20 minutes, respectively, during a training camp held in the Southern part of Spain in mid-January. On the other hand, field-based power output
Karin Roeleveld, Eric Lute, Dirkjan Veeger, Luc van der Woude, and Tom Gwinn
To assess power output, force application, and kinematics of wheelchair propulsion in peak exercise, nine wheelchair athletes with medical lesion levels of T8 or lower performed a 30-s sprint test on a stationary wheelchair ergometer. Mean power output, calculated for the right wheel only, was 59.4 ± 8.5 W. The ratio between effective force and total propulsive force was 60 ± 6%. A negative torque around the hand and a not tangentially directed total force accounted for this low effectiveness. Since the subject group was highly trained, their technique was considered to be optimal for the given circumstances. Therefore, athletes who want to improve power output by increasing effectiveness should keep in mind the existence of a nontangential propulsive force and a braking torque applied by the hands onto the hand rim surface. It is likely that both aspects will be influenced by the geometry of the wheelchair, for example, hand rim dimension or seat position.
