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marred by racial oppression. hooks (who socially identifies as Black) offered an insightful reflection of the type of liberating and racially affirming education she received from all-Black southern schools. She recounted the period of her yesteryear when schools (note: all-Black schools) were special

in recreational sports. Through his analysis of black and white player’s social relations in pickup basketball, Mohamed demonstrates vividly how black men use their undesirable racial status to refashion urban sports spaces, for refuge and relief from broader racial oppression ( Feagin, 1991 ). Based

US civic pride, freedom, and equality without reference to enduring racial oppression ( Freedman, 2016 ). Sympathetic students describe a racially neutral civil society where all citizens have equal opportunity to engage in political discourse and protest. While they may note that the protests are

experience. Within my conversations with my supervisors and engaging in personal reflections about myself and my journey, I realized that my sense of guilt emanated from several sources. First, I felt guilty that my own racial ignorance meant that I had failed to consider the racial oppression BIPOC players

theoretically frame and explain racial oppression within sport and society while using counter-narratives to resist erasure ( Cooper et al., 2017 ; Hawkins et al., 2016 ). By centering the experiences of historically subordinated groups such as Black Canadians, we contend that counter-narratives are a key anti

culpability in the eyes of viewers, fans, or consumers. The work of restitution and of fighting racial oppression thus remains with the racialized other in that the condition following the “if” in the nonapology requires the victims to do the restorative work. In these instances, the conditional statement

; DuBois, 1903 ; Woodson, 1933 ) to acknowledge how the historical and contemporary violence on Black and Indigenous bodies in the Americas are fundamental and inextricably connected to the racial oppression of other groups in the capitalist world system. Our discussion of anti-Black settler colonialism

of an SfD program discuss race and racism? In addition, recommendations for practice, related research, and future directions for research are discussed. As racially White people often participate in SfD programs geared to address racial oppression, developing an understanding of White peoples

racial oppression [as well as ableism and gendering],” which “sow the seeds of self-doubt” (p. 938). In terms of ableism and gendered, Apelmo ( 2019 ) explored how girls and young women (age ranged from 15 to 28 years old) with physical impairments and whose “parents were white and working- or middle