marred by racial oppression. hooks (who socially identifies as Black) offered an insightful reflection of the type of liberating and racially affirming education she received from all-Black southern schools. She recounted the period of her yesteryear when schools (note: all-Black schools) were special
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Kenneth Sean Chaplin
in recreational sports. Through his analysis of black and white player’s social relations in pickup basketball, Mohamed demonstrates vividly how black men use their undesirable racial status to refashion urban sports spaces, for refuge and relief from broader racial oppression ( Feagin, 1991 ). Based
Kenneth Sean Chaplin and Jeffrey Montez de Oca
US civic pride, freedom, and equality without reference to enduring racial oppression ( Freedman, 2016 ). Sympathetic students describe a racially neutral civil society where all citizens have equal opportunity to engage in political discourse and protest. While they may note that the protests are
John N. Singer, Kwame J.A. Agyemang, Chen Chen, Nefertiti A. Walker, and E. Nicole Melton
; DuBois, 1903 ; Woodson, 1933 ) to acknowledge how the historical and contemporary violence on Black and Indigenous bodies in the Americas are fundamental and inextricably connected to the racial oppression of other groups in the capitalist world system. Our discussion of anti-Black settler colonialism
Jeffrey Montez de Oca
expresses its wokeness by recognizing that racial oppression exists, but that recognition reiterates a central myth of White supremacy in the United States: racism exists either in the past or is in the process of being solved. The NFL’s “Life Every Voice and Sing” video begins with a montage of images and
Samuel R. Hodge and Louis Harrison Jr.
racial oppression [as well as ableism and gendering],” which “sow the seeds of self-doubt” (p. 938). In terms of ableism and gendered, Apelmo ( 2019 ) explored how girls and young women (age ranged from 15 to 28 years old) with physical impairments and whose “parents were white and working- or middle
Stacy Imagbe, Baofu Wang, Yang Liu, Jared Androzzi, Xiangli Gu, and Senlin Chen
investigate and address social and cultural factors related to race, racism, law, and power ( Cabrera, 2018 ; Mensah, 2019 ). CRT recognizes that racism is ingrained in American society; it aims to transform racial oppression, racial violence (e.g., White privilege, White supremacy), and societal structures
Mara Simon and Laura Azzarito
; Douglas & Halas, 2013 ). The often invisible “othering” of ethnic minorities in predominantly White schools through constraining and unspoken cultural norms illustrates how whiteness is pervasive yet unnamed as part of a hidden curriculum ( Prosser, 2007 ). In addition to racialized oppression, ethnic
Dawn Heinecken
illegitimate. Like the widespread outrage directed against San Francisco quarterback Colin Kaepernick for kneeling in protest against racial oppression ( Tack, 2017 ), the policing of black athletes’ conduct maintains white control of sport. Celebrating the Success of Title IX Although produced and directed by
Sarah Barnes
White social dominance ( McDonald, 2005 ; McDonald & King, 2012 ). As an analytical and conceptual tool, whiteness draws attention to the institutional and systemic dimensions of racial oppression and corresponding systems of social privilege. Whiteness is not a static or singular ideology, a fixed