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marred by racial oppression. hooks (who socially identifies as Black) offered an insightful reflection of the type of liberating and racially affirming education she received from all-Black southern schools. She recounted the period of her yesteryear when schools (note: all-Black schools) were special

in recreational sports. Through his analysis of black and white player’s social relations in pickup basketball, Mohamed demonstrates vividly how black men use their undesirable racial status to refashion urban sports spaces, for refuge and relief from broader racial oppression ( Feagin, 1991 ). Based

US civic pride, freedom, and equality without reference to enduring racial oppression ( Freedman, 2016 ). Sympathetic students describe a racially neutral civil society where all citizens have equal opportunity to engage in political discourse and protest. While they may note that the protests are

; DuBois, 1903 ; Woodson, 1933 ) to acknowledge how the historical and contemporary violence on Black and Indigenous bodies in the Americas are fundamental and inextricably connected to the racial oppression of other groups in the capitalist world system. Our discussion of anti-Black settler colonialism

racial oppression [as well as ableism and gendering],” which “sow the seeds of self-doubt” (p. 938). In terms of ableism and gendered, Apelmo ( 2019 ) explored how girls and young women (age ranged from 15 to 28 years old) with physical impairments and whose “parents were white and working- or middle

investigate and address social and cultural factors related to race, racism, law, and power ( Cabrera, 2018 ; Mensah, 2019 ). CRT recognizes that racism is ingrained in American society; it aims to transform racial oppression, racial violence (e.g., White privilege, White supremacy), and societal structures

; Douglas & Halas, 2013 ). The often invisible “othering” of ethnic minorities in predominantly White schools through constraining and unspoken cultural norms illustrates how whiteness is pervasive yet unnamed as part of a hidden curriculum ( Prosser, 2007 ). In addition to racialized oppression, ethnic

illegitimate. Like the widespread outrage directed against San Francisco quarterback Colin Kaepernick for kneeling in protest against racial oppression ( Tack, 2017 ), the policing of black athletes’ conduct maintains white control of sport. Celebrating the Success of Title IX Although produced and directed by

White social dominance ( McDonald, 2005 ; McDonald & King, 2012 ). As an analytical and conceptual tool, whiteness draws attention to the institutional and systemic dimensions of racial oppression and corresponding systems of social privilege. Whiteness is not a static or singular ideology, a fixed