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Hypoxia Increases Muscle Hypertrophy Induced by Resistance Training

Akinobu Nishimura, Masaaki Sugita, Ko Kato, Aki Fukuda, Akihiro Sudo, and Atsumasa Uchida

Purpose:

Recent studies have shown that low-intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion (kaatsu training) induces muscle hypertrophy. A local hypoxic environment facilitates muscle hypertrophy during kaatsu training. We postulated that muscle hypertrophy can be more efficiently induced by placing the entire body in a hypoxic environment to induce muscle hypoxia followed by resistance training.

Methods:

Fourteen male university students were randomly assigned to hypoxia (Hyp) and normoxia (Norm) groups (n = 7 per group). Each training session proceeded at an exercise intensity of 70% of 1 repetition maximum (RM), and comprised four sets of 10 repetitions of elbow extension and fexion. Students exercised twice weekly for 6 wk and then muscle hypertrophy was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and muscle strength was evaluated based on 1RM.

Results:

Muscle hypertrophy was significantly greater for the Hyp-Ex (exercised fexor of the hypoxia group) than for the Hyp-N (nonexercised fexor of the hypoxia group) or Norm-Ex fexor (P < .05, Bonferroni correction). Muscle hypertrophy was significantly greater for the Hyp-Ex than the Hyp-N extensor. Muscle strength was significantly increased early (by week 3) in the Hyp-Ex, but not in the Norm-Ex group.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that resistance training under hypoxic conditions improves muscle strength and induces muscle hypertrophy faster than under normoxic conditions, thus representing a promising new training technique.

Cover International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 5 (2010): Issue 4 (Dec 2010)

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Protein Supplementation in Addition to Strength Training Programs for Improving Body Composition in Older Adults: What Else Is Left to Know? A Brief Update Review of the Current Evidence

Júlio Benvenutti Bueno de Camargo

to an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) that older adults present compared with their younger peers when an anabolic stimulus (e.g., resistance training [RT] and protein intake) is provided ( Churchward-Venne et al., 2014 ; Francaux et al., 2016 ). In this sense, it is of great

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

In Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Volume 31 (2023): Issue 5 (Oct 2023)

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Resistance Training, Antioxidant Status, and Antioxidant Supplementation

Ahmed Ismaeel, Michael Holmes, Evlampia Papoutsi, Lynn Panton, and Panagiotis Koutakis

endurance exercise performance by delaying muscle fatigue ( Braakhuis & Hopkins, 2015 ; Cobley et al., 2011 ; Reid, 2008 ). The focus of this review is to explore the impact of resistance training (RT) on antioxidant defenses and the effect of antioxidant supplementation on RT exercise performance and

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 29 (2019): Issue 5 (Sep 2019)

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Fat-Free Mass Changes During Ketogenic Diets and the Potential Role of Resistance Training

Grant M. Tinsley and Darryn S. Willoughby

Low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate diets are often used as weight-loss strategies by exercising individuals and athletes. Very-low-carbohydrate diets can lead to a state of ketosis, in which the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and activity of ketogenic enzymes. A potential concern of these ketogenic diets, as with other weight-loss diets, is the potential loss of fat-free mass (e.g., skeletal muscle). On examination of the literature, the majority of studies report decreases in fat-free mass in individuals following a ketogenic diet. However, some confounding factors exist, such as the use of aggressive weight-loss diets and potential concerns with fat-free mass measurement. A limited number of studies have examined combining resistance training with ketogenic diets, and further research is needed to determine whether resistance training can effectively slow or stop the loss of fat-free mass typically seen in individuals following a ketogenic diet. Mechanisms underlying the effects of a ketogenic diet on fat-free mass and the results of implementing exercise interventions in combination with this diet should also be examined.

Cover International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Volume 26 (2016): Issue 1 (Feb 2016)

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High-Speed Resistance Training in Older Women: The Role of Supervision

Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Cristian Martínez, Carlos I. de La Fuente, Eduardo L. Cadore, Mário C. Marques, Fabio Y. Nakamura, Irineu Loturco, Alexis Caniuqueo, Rodrigo Cañas, and Mikel Izquierdo

Older women participated in a 12-week high-speed resistance training program under two supervisor-to-subject ratio methods (i.e., high versus low supervision) to assess its effects on muscle strength, power, functional performance, and quality of life assessed before (T1) and after (T2) intervention. Women were divided into either the control group (CG, n = 15), high supervision group (HSG, n = 30), or low supervision group (LSG, n = 28). The training program included exercises requiring high-speed concentric muscle actions. No differences were observed among groups at T1. Between T1 and T2, the HSG showed a higher (p < .05) improvement in muscle strength (ES = 0.36–1.26), power (ES = 0.5–0.88), functional performance (ES = 0.52–0.78), and quality of life (ES = 0.44–0.82) compared with LSG and CG. High-speed resistance training under closer supervision is more effective for improving muscle strength, power, functional performance, and quality of life in older women.

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

In Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Volume 25 (2017): Issue 1 (Jan 2017)

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Short-Term Resistance Training Attenuates Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Obese Adolescents

Paulo Farinatti, Silvio Rodrigues Marques Neto, Ingrid Dias, Felipe A. Cunha, Eliete Bouskela, and Luiz G. Kraemer-Aguiar

Purpose:

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CADysf) in children is often associated to obesity and may be attenuated by physical activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of resistance training (RT) upon CADysf assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) in obese adolescents.

Method:

Volunteers were assigned into groups according to standard deviation scores for body mass index (z-BMI) and percentile for age and sex: obese (OB; z-BMI from 2 to 3 and ≥ 95th percentile, n = 24) and normal weight controls (CG; z-BMI from -2–1 and < 85th percentile, n = 20). OB performed isolated RT during 12 weeks [3 sets of 6–10reps with 70–85% 10RM]. Waist circumference, systolic/diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP), lipids, and HRV were assessed at baseline. Only OB underwent postintervention assessments.

Results:

At baseline, SBP (122.4 ± 9.1 vs. 109.7 ± 11.5 mmHg, p < .001) and DBP (76.1 ± 7.1 vs. 65.3 ± 5.9 mmHg, p < .001) were higher, while parasympathetic HRV indexes were lower (p < .05) in OB compared with CG. After RT, waist circumference (3%, p < .001) and SBP (10%, p < .001) reduced in OB. Parasympathetic indexes of HRV increased in OB (SDNN: 25%, p = .03; rMSSD: 48%, p = .0006; pNN50: 67%, p = .001; total power: 54%, p = .01; HF: 101%, p = .001) and baseline differences between groups for sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were no longer observed after RT.

Conclusion:

RT attenuated CAdyfs and BP in obese adolescents, by increasing parasympathetic activity and decreasing sympatho-vagal balance.

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science

In Pediatric Exercise Science Volume 28 (2016): Issue 3 (Jan 2016)

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Affective Responses to Increasing- and Decreasing-Intensity Resistance Training Protocols

Jasmin C. Hutchinson, Leighton Jones, Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Boris Cheval, Ralf Brand, Gabrielle M. Salvatore, Samantha Adler, and Yan Luo

-analysis, high-intensity training loads (> 60% of 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) elicit superior strength gains compared to low-intensity loads (≤60% 1RM; Refalo et al., 2021 ). For middle-aged to older adults, higher intensity (70%–85% 1RM) resistance training (RT) programs are recommended to counteract the age

Cover Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

In Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Volume 45 (2023): Issue 3 (Jun 2023)

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Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Key Genes in the Effect of Resistance Training on Female Skeletal Muscle Aging

Jiacheng Ma, Xiaoli Pang, Ismail Laher, and Shunchang Li

a critical public health challenge. Exercise is a frequently prescribed management strategy for several chronic diseases, such as aging, obesity, and diabetes ( Stoutenberg et al., 2018 ). Resistance training plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of aging-induced skeletal muscle

Cover Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

In Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Volume 32 (2024): Issue 4 (Aug 2024)

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Adolescent Bone Advantages 3 Years After Resistance Training Trial

Jill Thein-Nissenbaum, Deena M. Weiss, Stephanie A. Kliethermes, and Tamara A. Scerpella

, 31 ). Alternatively, resistance training is a generalizable exercise that generates high muscular forces and is associated with adult bone advantages, but it has not been adequately tested during childhood and adolescence ( 31 ). For these reasons, we designed a study to evaluate this modality in a

Cover Pediatric Exercise Science

In Pediatric Exercise Science Volume 35 (2023): Issue 2 (May 2023)

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Does Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Improve Knee-Extensor Strength, Function, and Reduce Patient-Reported Pain? A Critically Appraised Topic

Matthew Zaremba, Joel Martin, and Marcie Fyock-Martin

loads may be unachievable due to pain or a loss of function. In order to address muscular strength adaptations, the American College of Sports Medicine recommend loads of 60% to 70% of an individual’s one-repetition maximum (RM). 2 Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training has been

Cover Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

In Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Volume 31 (2022): Issue 1 (Jan 2022)